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Biochemistry
By: Mr. Kauffman
&
Mr. Lowe
Outline
• Organic Compounds
• Cell Parts Review
• Biochemical
Reactions
• Photosynthesis
• Cellular Respiration
• Fermentation
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Cellular Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
5 Functions
Necessary for Life
Organic Compounds
• All cells are made up of the same basic elements
– Carbon (C)
– Hydrogen (H)
– Nitrogen (N)
– Oxygen (O)
– Phosphorus (P)
– Sulfur (S)
• Those elements combine together to form
different molecules
– Example: Hydrogen + Oxygen = Water
Organic Compounds
Element Name
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Percentage in living things
65.0 %
18.5 %
9.6 %
3.3 %
1.0 %
1.0 %
Organic Compounds
• 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions
1. Carbohydrates (Carbs)
• Function – provides the cell with energy (sugars)
• Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
• Example – Glucose, Sucrose, Fructose
Organic Compounds
• 4 Important Molecules
for Life Functions
2. Lipids (Fats)
• Function – storage of
large amounts of energy
for long term use
(insulation)
• Elements – Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Phosphorus
• Example – Fats and Oils
Organic Compounds
• 4 Important Molecules
for Life Functions
3. Proteins
• Function – makes up
organs and muscles,
growth, and repair
• Elements – Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Sulfur
• Example – Red meats,
Chicken, Fish, Eggs
Organic Compounds
• 4 Important Molecules for Life Functions
4. Nucleic Acids
• Function – instructions for maintenance, growth,
and reproduction of cell
• Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus
• Example – DNA
Cell Parts Review
• Nucleus – control center of the cell
• Cell membrane – protective outer layer
found in all cells
• Cell wall – protective outer layer found only
in plant cells
• Mitochondria – produces energy for cells by
breaking down food molecules
• Chloroplast – produces energy for plant cells
by converting sunlight into sugar
Biochemical Reactions
• Biochemical Reactions: reactions that occur
inside the cells of living things in order to
produce energy necessary for life
– All cells require energy to carry out the functions
necessary for life
– The energy that all cells use is in the form of sugars
Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis: how
plant cells are able to
convert sunlight into
sugar (energy source)
– Happens only in plant cells
– Occurs in the chloroplasts
of plant cells
• Contain chlorophyll (green
pigment – coloring)
Photosynthesis
– Sunlight + Water + Carbon Dioxide = Sugar and Oxygen
– Plants use some of the energy and store the rest as
sugar
• Sugar stored in the plant is food for the animals that eat
plants
– Oxygen produced is released into the air
Cellular Respiration
• Cellular Respiration: process by which cells
convert sugars into chemical energy
– Happens in both plant and animal cells
– Occurs in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells
Cellular Respiration
– Sugar + Oxygen = Chemical Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide
– Chemical energy produced is used to complete other cell
functions
• Growth, repair, cell division, transportation of materials, etc…
– Chemical energy not used for cellular functions is released as
heat
– Carbon dioxide produced is released by the cell and exhaled
into the air
Fermentation
• Fermentation: energy production that
occurs in cells without oxygen
– An inefficient way to produce energy
• Produces only a small amount of energy
• Produces lactic acid (the burning you feel in muscles when
running/exercising)
Cellular Transport
• The human body needs to transport
materials to the correct cells around the
body
• Cells need to be able to move these
materials into and out of the cell
Circulatory System
• Circulatory System: organ system
responsible for transporting materials to
various cells around the body
– Consists of the heart, veins, and arteries
– Delivers oxygen and nutrients (food) to the cells for
energy production
– Delivers carbon dioxide to cells in the lungs to be
released during exhaling
Circulatory System
Cellular Transport
• Cellular Transport: the movement of
materials (water or nutrients) across the cell
membrane either into or out of the cell
– The cell membrane is selectively permeable
• This means that certain materials are allowed to pass
through the cell membrane while other materials are not
Cellular Transport
– Some cellular transport requires energy (active
transport) and some does not require energy
(passive transport)
– 4 basic types of cellular transport
• Diffusion (passive)
• Osmosis (passive)
• Endocytosis (active)
• Exocytosis (active)
Diffusion
• Diffusion: random movement of molecules
across a cell membrane from an area of a
higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration
Diffusion
– Movement of molecules continues until the
concentration of molecules is equal on each side of the
cell membrane
• This is known as equilibrium
– Oxygen enters the cell via diffusion
– Carbon dioxide leaves the cell via diffusion
Osmosis
• Osmosis: the diffusion of water across the
cell membrane
– Continues until equilibrium is reached
• Concentration of water inside of the cell membrane is equal
to the concentration of water outside of the cell membrane
Endocytosis
• Endocytosis: process by which cells absorb
materials by surrounding them with their
cell membrane
– Happens with materials that are too large to pass
through the cell membrane
Outside of cell
Inside of cell
Exocytosis
• Exocytosis: process by which cells release
materials too large to normally pass through
the cell membrane
Outside of cell
Inside of cell
5 Functions Necessary for Life
1.
2.
Movement/locomotion
Ability to respond to environment
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3.
Stimulus and response
Cat hears the sound of the can opener (stimulus) and
comes running for food (response)
Use energy
–
4.
All cellular functions require energy
Growth and development
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–
5.
Grow in size
Develop new characteristics over their lives (ability to
walk)
Ability to reproduce
–
Replace individuals who die