Download Introduction to Psych 2015 - Student Version

An Introduction to the stuff you will
be learning this year.
What is it?
Psychology
Do our feelings always match our behaviors?
If you call me stupid,
I may feel sad or
insecure
But I will
still act
tough.
(even though
I will be
crying on the
inside, so be
gentle).
Psychology’s History
Prescientific Psychology
– Socrates
– Plato
dualism -
- some ideas
–
Aristotle
monism -
- knowledge results from memories of
past experiences
- mind is a
Psychology’s Roots
Prescientific Psychology
• Rene Descartes –
–
• Francis Bacon –
• John Locke –
–
• Empiricism –
Psychology’s Early Debates
1. Mind and Body Connect v. Separate
2. Nature v. Nurture
•Innate v. Learned
Think Pair Share
• Which of the early thinkers of psychology do
you think had the greatest effect on today’s
psychology? Why?
History of Psychology
• Psychology has gone through 5 different
historical eras or changes in how scientists
view the mind and behavior…aka…
• Psychological Perspectives – a mental view
of how scientists explain the mind and
behavior
5 Historical Periods of
Psychology
1. Introspection
– Structuralism
– Functionalism
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gestault
Psychoanalytic
Behaviorist
Biopsychosocial -
One: Introspection
• 2 schools - Structuralism and
Functionalism
• Structuralism
–
– Explored structural elements
» Introspection -
to study inner sensations and
mental images
– Example:
IA: Structuralism
– Wilhelm Wundt
– Experiment:
– G. Stanley Hall (Baltimore)
– Edward Titchner (Cornell)
• Student of Wundt
– Example:
IB: Functionalism
• Functionalism –
– Emphasized the purpose or function of mental
processes
•
added the importance of the environment
• Wm. James
• Mary Calkins
• Margaret Floy Washburn
Think Pair Share
1. With your table, discuss the limitations of
“introspection” and explain why current
psychological researchers would be unlikely
to use introspection to gather data.
2. William James developed his theory of
functionalism around the same time Charles
Darwin was developing the theory of
evolution. How do you think Darwin's theory
influenced James' theory of functionalism?
Two: Gestalt Psychology
• Focused on human perceptions of the world
•
– Led by Max Wertheimer
=
This may seem like
one picture, but it can
be perceived as 2
different faces. Can
you find them?
Rules
for how
we
organize
what we
see
Three: Psychoanalysis
• Psychoanalysis - Freud’s theory of
personality development and also his
treatment of disorders
– Behavior is driven by
• Unconscious –
• defense mechanisms – tactics that reduce
anxiety by distorting reality
Four: Behaviorism
• Behaviorism –
• Ignored Introspection and psychoanalysis and all mental
process
– Believe behavior is
– Classical Conditioning –
– Pavlov – experiments on dogs learning to salivate at sound of
a bell
– John B. Watson – experimented on “Little Albert learned
that emotions (fear) can be learned
– Operant Conditioning – voluntary learning
• B.F. Skinner – experimented on pigeons and rats, learned that
animals learn from reinforcements and punishments
– Observational Learning
• Bandura – animals learn by watching others
Five: Eclectic
Biopsychosocial
Approach
th
• We are now in the 5
variety.
era.….which is about
• Psychologists pick and choose what theories to
use depending on the situation and the client.
Kind of like a smorgasbord..lots of variety,
you pick what you want to eat
Modern Psychology’s Three Main
Levels of Analysis
• Levels of Analysis
– Biological
– Psychological
– Social-cultural
• Biopsychosocial Approach - integrated
approach that incorporates biological,
psychological, and social-cultural levels of
analysis.
• Evaluates both
• Evaluates both
Psychology’s Three Main Levels of
Analysis
Wave 5 -Biopsychosocial
Approach is made up of 7
different perspectives.
Psychologists today, pick and choose from
about 7 schools or perspectives of
thought to help you with your problems.
Thus we have:
THE SEVEN MODERN SCHOOLS OF
PSYCHOLOGY
Biopsychosocial Approach
7 MODERN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Biological/Neuroscience
Psychodynamic
Behaviorist
Cognitive
Evolutionary
Humanist
Social-Culture
1. Biopsychology (Neuroscience)
Perspective
– View of Mind and/or Behavior
• Biological basis –
• To change behavior:
Let’s say you are 100lbs over weight.
What would a psychologist from this
perspective say was the cause of your
obesity?
What kind of treatment would they
recommend?
2. Evolutionary Perspective
• View of Mind and/or
Behavior:
– Driven by
– Over time, we adapt to
our environment, we
change
– Based on the ideas of…
Charles Darwin
– Natural
Selection
How could this behavior ensured
Homer’s ancestors survival?
3. Psychodynamic Perspective
• View of Mind
and/or Behavior:
• Influenced by
Same scenario…you are
100lbs
overweight…what
would Freud say was
the cause of your
problem?
How would he treat
you?
• To change behavior:
4. Behavioral Perspective
Pretend that you
fail psychology
class. You become
depressed. In turn,
you begin to binge
and gain weight.
What do you think a
behaviorist may do?
They would probably ignore
the fact that you are
depressed and just focus on
your overeating.
Maybe make you run a mile
every time you eat over 2000
calories.
• View of Mind and/or
Behavior:
– Learned
– No focus on mind.
Why?
• To change behaviors:
5. Humanist Perspective
• View of Mind and/or Behavior:
– Driven by objective to get to the next level on
– …ultimately self actualization
– Our “ideal self” (the person we want to be) not
matching our “actual-self” (the person we really
are)
– Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
• emphasizes
•
• To change behavior:
–
What would a
humanist say
was the cause
of your
obesity?
How would they
Treat your obesity?
6. Cognitive Perspective
• View of Mind and/or
Behavior
– Influenced by the way
– Focuses on how we
– To Change Behavior:
What would a
cognitive
psychologist say
was the cause of
your obesity?
How would they treat
Your obesity?
7. Social-Cultural Perspective
What would
someone
from this
perspective
say was the
cause of the
behavior?
• View of the Mind and/or
Behavior:
• culture and society influence
behavior
• dictated by
• Focus on universal traits and
behaviors or how they vary
• To change behavior:
How would they treat
this disorder?
Psychology’s Big Debate
• Nature Versus Nurture
– Are our behaviors/traits influenced
more by our genes (nature) or by our
experiences (nurture)
• Examples
Fields of Psychology
Applied V. Basic Research
• Applied Research –
goal is to solve
practical problems
– Example:
Research on
drug therapies
to treat
depression
• Basic Research –
goal is to increase
knowledge of field.
– Example:
Theory that
depression is
caused by, among
other things,
chemical
imbalances in the
brain
Psychology’s Subfields
• Psychometrics –
–
measurement of human abilities.
Ex. Creates aptitude tests like SAT, personality questionnaires
• Basic Research –
knowledge of the field.
research in psychology to increase our
– Examples:
• Developmental psychology- change throughout
the human life span (develop, grow, age)
• Educational psychology – how psych processes
affect teaching and learning
• Personality psychology – individual traits
• Social psychology - how humans relate to one
another
Psychology’s Subfields
• Applied Research – using what you’ve learned to help others
– Examples
• Industrial/organizational psychology –
• Human factors psychology –
• Counseling psychology –
• Clinical psychology –
• Psychiatry –
• Community Psychology –
Psychology’s Subfields
• Applied Research – using what you’ve learned to help others
– Examples
• Community Psychology
• Forensic Psychology
• School Psychology
• Sports Psychology