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AP Biology Discussion Notes Tuesday 9/27/2016 Goals for Today: • Be able to name the scientists that helped build our knowledge of DNA and be able to describe their contributions • Be able to discuss how scientific understanding is built • Be able to list or understand the contributions of less known scientists • Be name the 3 basic components of DNA 9/27 Question of the Day: Who (What) am I? Characteristics of Nucleic Acids CHON P The Central Dogma Genetic information is: Encoded in DNA; Transmitted by DNA Replication; Transcribed into RNA; Translated into Protein. DNA codes for the sequence of Amino Acids in Proteins, which means DNA determines the Structure AND ________ of proteins built in an organism. How long have we known what was the genetic material? (What molecules allow us to inherit similarities and characteristics from our parents?) 3 likely candidates • DNA • RNA • Protein Monomer = Nucleotide Polymer = Polynucleotides What do we know about the relationship between DNA & Protein? • DNA • RNA • Protein Griffith’s Experiments (1928 – publication) Griffith discovered that harmless bacteria could turn virulent when mixed with bacteria that cause disease. A bacteria that is virulent is able to cause disease. Griffith had discovered what is now called transformation, a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material. Oswald Avery’s Experiments (1930 – 1944) •Series of experiments showed that the activity of the material responsible for transformation is not affected by proteindestroying enzymes. •The activity is stopped, however, by a DNA-destroying enzyme. •Thus, almost 100 years after Mendel’s experiments, Oswald Avery and his co-workers demonstrated that DNA is the material responsible for transformation NOT protein. DNA or Proteins? • Even after Avery’s experiments it was not widely accepted that DNA was the genetic material, but this line of research did spark a race of sorts to figure out more about the physical structure of DNA Avery’s Experiment DNA or Proteins? • Even after Avery’s experiments it was not widely accepted that DNA was the genetic material, but this line of research did spark a race of sorts to figure out more about the physical structure of DNA DNA’s Role Revealed In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used the bacteriophage (__________) to prove that DNA carried genetic material. A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. Life Cycle of a virus (bacteriophage) Hershey & Chase use viruses to prove DNA is the genetic material Hershey & Chase use viruses to prove DNA is the genetic material Nucleic Acids What are monomers of Nucleic Acids? Monomer = Nucleotide Polymer = Polynucleotides Erwin Chargaff • Chargaff’s research analyzed the amount of each nitrogen base in different organisms • Humans Adenine= 30.4% • E. coli Adenine = 24.7% Erwin Chargaff • Chargaff’s research determined that in DNA there were always equal parts • Adenine = Thymine As well as equal parts • Cytosine = Guanine Erwin Chargaff • Chargaff’s research determined that in DNA there were always equal parts • Humans Adenine = 30% • Humans Thymine = ? • Humans Guanine = ? • Humans Cytosine = ? One more for practice… • If you have a species with 35% Cytosine what percentage of the other base pairs would there be? –A–G–T- Base Pairing Purines: Pyrimidines: Purine - Pyrimidine Base Pairing Look carefully— Why can A only pair with T and C can only pair with G??? Still needed to know the structure! • What is the structure of DNA? • Who discovered the structure of DNA? DNA is shaped like a double helix (a twisted ladder) This shape was discovered by two scientists: James Watson & Francis Crick Scientific Knowledge • Scientific knowledge and discovery is always built on what we already know, past discovery & knowledge What we Know Now: Questions? Chapter 8 Quiz Corrections – Separate sheet of paper - Separate Assignment! ● Re-write (you can summarize) missed question. o Write the correct answer & be sure to EXPLAIN why it is correct! o Check with Me before you turn it in!! Quiz Corrections ● Retake – 1 week, corrections must be completed 1 day before retake! ● Retakes may only be completed before or after school. (Not during the school day) 9/27 Species of the Day • Living Stones! Lithops What controls/codes for the sequence of Amino Acids in the Proteins of this plant?