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The Life of a Cell
The Chemistry of Life
Organic Compounds: Macromolecules
The Role of Carbon in Organisms:
• Carbon compounds that come from living
organisms are called organic compounds.
• Two carbon atoms can form various types of
covalent bonds—single, double or triple.
Molecular chains:
•
The small molecules, monomers, bond together to form large chains called
polymers.
•
Polymer : a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond
together.
•
Polymers usually form by covalent bonding.
The 4 Main Organic Compounds:
Macromolecule:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Proteins
Main Function:
1. Provide energy
2. Store energy &
Insulation
3. Stores genetic
information
4. Controls the
rate of cell
reactions &
Forms cell
structures
The structure of carbohydrates:
•
Carbohydrate : composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of about
two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom.
The structure of carbohydrates
•
Monosaccharide : the simplest type of carbohydrate; a simple sugar (ie.
glucose, fructose)
•
Glucose and fructose combine in a condensation reaction to form sucrose
(table sugar)
•
Which is the reactant and which is the product?
The structure of carbohydrates
•
The largest carbohydrate molecules are polysaccharides, composed of many
monosaccharide subunits. (ie. potatoes, liver)
•
Which is the monomer?
•
Which is the polymer?
Write the monomers and polymers in your notes
The structure of lipids:
•
Lipids : large biomolecules that are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a
small amount of oxygen. (ie. fats, oils, waxes)
The structure of lipids
•
They are insoluble in water because
their molecules are nonpolar and
hydrophobic
•
(hydro) (phobic)
Draw an example in
The structure of lipids
your notes
•
A fatty acid with single bonds is saturated; with double bonds is unsaturated
•
A fatty acid is a
monomer of a lipid
The structure of proteins:
•
Protein : a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
The structure of proteins
• Amino acids : the basic building blocks of
proteins—amino acid is a monomer of a
protein
•
There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of
proteins.
The structure of proteins
•
Peptide bonds : covalent bonds formed between amino acids.
The structure of proteins
•
Proteins are the building blocks of many structural components of organisms.
•
Enzymes are important proteins found in living things.
•
They speed the reactions in digestion of food.
The structure of proteins
• Enzyme : a protein that changes the rate of a
chemical reaction.
• The sum of all the chemical reactions
occurring in an organism is its Metabolism.
The structure of nucleic acids:
•
Nucleic acid : a complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of
a code.
• Nucleotides : small subunits that make up
nucleic acids—nucleotides are the monomers
of nucleic acids.
The structure of nucleic acids
• Nucleotides are arranged in three groups—a
nitrogenous base, a simple sugar, and a
phosphate group.
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous
base
Draw This in Your Notes
The structure of nucleic acids
•
DNA, which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid.
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous
base
The structure of nucleic acids
• The information coded in DNA contains the
instructions used to form all of an organism’s
enzymes and structural proteins.
•
Another important nucleic acid is RNA, which stands for ribonucleic acid. RNA is a
nucleic acid that forms a copy of DNA for use in making proteins.