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Urban Air Pollution, Tropospheric Chemistry, and Climate Change: An Integrated Modeling Study Chien Wang MIT Linking Urban Pollution, Tropospheric Chemistry and Climate Change Impact of urban air pollution on global tropospheric chemistry and climate (e.g., tropospheric O3 and NOx budgets, radiative forcing by O3 and aerosols); Impact of future climate change on urban air pollution and tropospheric chemistry (e.g., effects of clouds, UV, precipitation, H2O, and temperature on reaction rates); Interaction between urban/tropospheric chemistry and climate under various emissions policies; Anthropogenic aerosols' impact on human health; Impact of air pollution and climate change on natural ecosystems Integrated Modelling Study Climate-chemistry interactions require models with integrated components of atmosphere, ocean, tropospheric chemistry, emissions (policy and non-policy), and ecosystem; Integration time: 10 years for tropospheric chemistry studies (primarily due to CH4 and O3 simulation as well as aerosol forcing assessment), 100 years for tropospheric chemistry and climate interaction studies; Subgrid scale nature of urban and fast tropospheric chemistry as well as lightning production of certain chemical species in current global models with resolution coarser than ~100 km requires adequate parameterizations for relevant processes; Data base (measurement and emissions); Computational efficiency (parallel, esp. distributed memory computing) MIT Interactive Chemistry-Climate Model Atmospheric Chemistry Model 25 Chemical species 4 Aerosol groups Advection, convection, and mixing Gaseous and aqueous reactions Wet and dry deposition Concentrations of chemicals MIT 2DLO, NCAR CCM/CSM, MIT AIM/OGCM Urban Air Pollution Model Natural Emission Model Ocean Carbon Model EPPA and Emission Preprocessor Terrestrial Ecosystem Model NPP, NEP, soil carbon pool Climate Model Circulation and state of atmosphere Land and ocean Clouds and Precipitation Radiation Winds, T, H2O, precipitation and radiative fluxes Urban Air Pollution Model and Global Chemistry Model Projected Future Increases of Emissions (Emissions/Emissions of 1995; MIT EPPA) 4 SO2 Ratios 3.5 3 BC 2.5 OC 2 1.5 1 0.5 1995 2010 2025 2040 2055 Year 2070 2085 2100 Barrow (40W 70N) Mauna Loa (155.4W 19.3N) 50.00 140.00 OBS 1992 Model 40.00 Surface BC in ng/M^3 Surface BC in ng/M^3 45.00 OBS 1989 Model 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 20.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Month Amsterdam Island (77.3E 37.5S) South Pole (102W 87S) 10 11 12 3.50 14.00 OBS 1991 12.00 OBS 1989 Model 3.00 Model 10.00 Surface BC in ng/M^3 Surface BC in ng/M^3 2 Month 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Month Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Month Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Summary Integrated models are needed for linking urban air pollution, tropospheric chemistry, and climate; required integration time varies from 10 - 100 years depending on the given topics; Adequate parameterizations of urban scale air chemistry and other subgrid scale chemical processes in global models are critical to modeling results; Future black carbon emissions may increase according to the MIT EPPA Model; Modeled radiative forcing of aerosols is highly uncertain, multiple year integrations with uncertainty analyses are needed for assessment; Policy and health issues related to urban air pollution and anthropogenic emissions of aerosols need to be explored and inclusion of interaction between tropospheric chemistry and climate change is important.