Download AG-BAs-02.471-05.4p c-Biotechnology_Larry_Stine

Biotechnology
By Larry Stine
Estherville Lincoln Central High School
Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office
June 2002
August 2008
Competencies:
define biotechnology, DNA, and other
related terms
compare methods of plant and animal
improvement
discuss historic applications of
biotechnology
explain the concept of genetic engineering
August 2008
Competencies:
describe applications of biotechnology in
agriscience
state some safety concerns and
safeguards in biotechnology
August 2008
Terms to Know
Bio
Clone
Gene splicing
Improvement by selection
Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA technology
Selective breeding
August 2008
Terms to Know
Nucleic acid
Gene mapping
Genetics
Bases
Insulin
Heredity
Adenine (A)
August 2008
Terms to Know
Ice-minus
Genes
Guanine (G)
X-Gal
Generation
Cytosine (C)
Bovine somatotropin (BST)
August 2008
Terms to Know
Progeny
Thymine (T)
Porcine somatotropin (PST)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Mapping
August 2008
Introduction
Biotechnology is a tool of agriscience
Promises unprecedented
advancements
Has real dangers
Definition of Biotechnology
August 2008
Historic Applications
 Living organisms have been used for centuries
to alter and improve the quality and types of food
for humans and animals
 Yeast to make bread rise
 Bacteria to ferment sauerkraut
 Bacteria to produce cheese and other dairy
products
 Microorganisms to make alcoholic beverages
 Bacteria in silage production
August 2008
Improving Plant and Animal
Performance
 Improvement by
Selection
 Improvement by
Genetics
 Improvement by
Biotechnology
August 2008
Improvement by Selection
 Soon followed domestication of the dog, horse,
sheep, goat, ox and other animals thousands of
years ago
 Purchasing, selling, bartering and trading got
people animals with desirable traits
 Mating plants and animals with desirable traits
resulted in selective breeding
 Historical evidence in the development of the
horse
August 2008
Improvement by Genetics
Gregor Johann Mendel
Austrian Monk who is credited with
discovering the effect of genetics on plant
characteristics
Experimented with garden peas
Published findings in 1866
People didn’t pay much attention
August 2008
Improvement by Genetics
Mendel’s work would have been lost if not
recorded
1900 other scientist reviewed, built upon
his observations, and conclusions
Today Gregor Johann Mendel is credited
for discovering the principles of heredity
August 2008
Improvement by Biotechnology
Improvement by manipulating the genetic
content of cells
Permits more choices for the researcher,
more rapid observation of results
New capability with amazing implications
August 2008
DNA - Genetic Code of Life
 Over 300,000 kinds of
plants
 Over 1 million kinds of
animals
 All are different in
some ways
 All plants and animals
are alike in some
ways
 All contain DNA
August 2008
DNA - Genetic Code of Life
Cloning is common scientific knowledge
Early 1980’s Genetic Engineering
developed
1867 Friedrich Meischer discovered DNA
which is similar in all living cells
structure
function
composition
transmitter of hereditary information
August 2008
DNA - Genetic Code of Life
DNA occurs in pairs of strands intertwined
Connected by chemicals called bases
Likened to the two sides of a wire ladder
Bases likened to the rungs and include:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
August 2008
(A)
(G)
(C)
(T)
DNA - Genetic Code of Life
Examples of traits:
hair color
tendency for baldness
height of plants at maturity
tendency of females to have twins
Gene Splicing
Gene Mapping
August 2008
Solving Problems with Microbes
 Microscopic plants and animals lend themselves
to genetic engineering
 Produce quickly and can be genetically
engineered to produce products need by other
plants, animals, and humans
 One of first commercial products was insulin
 Used by people with diabetes to control their blood
sugar levels
August 2008
Improving Plants and Animals
1988- first use of ice-minus
1988 use of genetically altered
bacteria for Dutch Elm Disease
BST and PST
Roundup and Liberty Ready corn
and soybeans
BT Corn
August 2008
Improving Plants and Animals
 Genetic engineering and
other forms of
biotechnology hold great
promise in controlling:
 Diseases
 Insects
 Weeds
 Other pests
 Environment will be
enhanced
August 2008
Waste Management
August 2008
 Environmental
Pollution is a major
problem
 Landfills are becoming
full
 Old dump sites are
creating problems
 Waste is piling up
 Sewage and chemical
disposal is a constant
problem
Waste Management
 Genetically altered bacteria
are used to feed on oil slicks
and spills
 Bacteria are being developed
to decompose or deactivate
dioxin, PCBs, insecticides,
herbicides, and other
chemicals
 Bacteria are under
development to convert solid
wastes into sugars and fuel
August 2008
Safety in Biotechnology
 Federal and state
governments monitor
biotechnology closely
 Fear of genetically
modified organisms
 Policies, procedures and
laws have been
developed
 Gaining in public
confidence
August 2008