Download Biotech PPT - Groch Biology

Introduction to Biotechnology
When did biotechnology start?
“Antique” Biotechnology
Definitions of biotechnology
Biotechnology generally refers to the use of
microorganisms to produce certain chemical
compounds.
Application of scientific and technical advances
in life science to develop commercial products
Modern Biotechnology based on DNA
• 1953 Double helix structure of DNA is first described by
Watson and Crick.
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1973 Cohen and Boyer develop genetic engineering techniques to "cut and
paste" DNA and to amplify the new DNA in bacteria.
1977 The first human protein (somatostatin) is produced in a bacterium (E. coli).
1982 The first recombinant protein (human insulin) appears on the market.
1983 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique conceived.
1984 DNA Fingerprinting
1990 Launch of the Human Genome Project (HGP), an international effort to
sequence the human genome.
1995 The first genome sequence of an organism (Haemophilus influenzae) is
determined.
2000 A first draft of the human genome sequence is completed.
2005 Over 40 million gene sequences are in GenBank, and genome sequences of
hundreds of prokaryotes and dozens of eukaryotes are finished or in draft stage.
Types of Modern Biotechnology
• Genetic engineering- transgenic- GMO (genetically
modified organisms)/ recombinant DNA
• Cloning
• DNA profiling (forensics), DNA testing, DNA typing,
DNA fingerprinting
• Gene therapy
• Pharmaceutical products: insulin, human growth
hormone
• Human Genome Project Bioinformatics/Genomics/Proteomics/ Metabolomics/
Pharmacogenomics
Types of Biotechnology
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Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational
techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis of biological data possible.
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Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of
biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
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Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes.
transgenic plants
engineering of a plant to express a pesticide,
. An example of this would be Bt corn
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Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms
to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genetic manipulation.
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White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial
processes.
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An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical.
Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or
destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than
traditional processes used to produce industrial goods.[
Mary Claire King (prof at UW)
and DNA technology
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Helped identify the BRCA1 gene, BRCA2 (breast cancer), genes for deafness
Figured out that chimpanzees and human DNA is 99% similar, study genes to
figure out migration patterns in modern humans
Mary Claire King
• Helped standardize how to use mitochondrial DNA (DNA inherited from
your mother) to help fight human rights abuses:
• Use forensic genetics to identify the remains of people murdered in El
Salvador, Mexico and especially in Argentina.
• Help the "Abuelas," the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos
Aires. During Argentina's military dictatorship of the 1970s and early
1980s, thousands of activists disappeared and their children were
consigned to orphanages or illegally adopted by military families. Help
grandparents--the parents of "the Disappeared"--be reunited with the
children of their lost sons and daughters
• identify the remains of murdered war victims in Bosnia, Rwanda, and
Ethiopia, amassing genetic evidence for use in international war crimes
trials for the US Army and the UN
“the disappeared”
Gene Therapy
Bacterial Transformation: making
proteins from other organisms
Transgenic: GMO (genetically
modified organisms)
Enviropig…
STR (short tandem repeats)
• Uses parts of the DNA that are repetitive
• Example CATCATCATCAT (4 repeats)
• Repeats are inherited and can be different
lengths
• Example… mom has 4 repeats dad has 15
repeats… genotype 4, 15
• CODIS- Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
is the FBI's program of support for criminal
justice DNA databases as well as the software
used to run these databases.
http://www.healforce.com/en/datacache/pic/800_345_64c39146f6c162d68b80
f4c6b26dbbb6.jpg
STRs around the Genome
Note: the X and Y have
different loci… can tell if
unknown DNA is male or
female
Certain loci are found
more often in distinct
ethnic groups
PCR
(polymerase chain reaction)
• A method of making a lot of copies of DNA in
a short period of time
• Artificial DNA replication
• Makes specific short segments of DNA
• Very little DNA required
• RFLP (requires many days and a lot of DNA)
• Used for DNA profiling (paternity, crime scene,
ID unknown soliders…)
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/techniqueofpolymerasechainreactionpcr-experimentalbiotechnology-130211215640phpapp01/95/technique-of-polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-experimental-biotechnology-19-638.jpg?cb=1360619880
http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/dna-accidents
Bio-rad.com
Bio-rad.com
Example Gels…matching STRs
Paternity testing
RFLP
(restriction fragment length polymorphisms)
• Prokaryotes make enzymes to cut up invading
DNA from viruses.
• Enzymes recognize DNA “palindromes”
Reading the name of a restriction
enzyme (also called an endonuclease)
Different restriction enzymes
Find the EcoRI restriction site
(GAATTC)
Sticky end cut between the G and first A
How restriction
enzymes cut up DNA?
Uses of Restriction Enzymes
• For a bacteria: destroy cut up invading viruses
• For a scientist: cut open a plasmid to insert a
foreign gene of interest (ex. GFP from a sea
jelly)
• For a forensic scientist: (old school) chop up a
lot of DNA and run gel electrophoresis to
separate fragments to make a “DNA”
fingerprint or DNA profiling
http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/patnodecj/images/8/84/DNA_fingerprint_overview.gif/revision/latest?cb=20130521124
544
Genetic/DNA profiling
(with gel electrophoresis)
STR (short tandem repeats)
Example: CATCATCATCATCATCAT…
Alleles in common show relationships
Inherit one allele from each parent
Different alleles combination in different
population; generate probabilities of matches