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Biology Final Review –07
Intro and taxonomy
1. six steps of the scientific method
2. 7 taxa in order from largest to smallest
3. Define binomial nomenclature, specify who developed it
4. An example of an organism in each of the 7 kingdoms
Ecology
4. Define: producer, consumer, decomposer, detrivore, examples of each
5. Trophic levels, relative # of organisms at each level
6. Energy loss from one trophic level to the next
7. Define population, community, types of symbiosis (give examples), carrying capacity
8. Define species diversity, where is it at a maximum? Why is it important?
9. Describe major aquatic and terrestrial biomes, know where they occur and what
organisms live there
10. Predator / prey relationships, trends in relative population growths
Cytology
11. Cell theory (3 parts)
12. Cellular organelles and their f(x)s
13. Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
14. Calculation of microscope magnification
15. Transport (osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, equilibrium, active vs. passive,
exocytosis, endocytosis
Cell Growth and Division
16. Define the cell cycle .Why must a cell divide (specifically)? What happens during the
different parts of interphase?
17. Purpose, names and events of phases, and products of mitosis.
18. What kinds of cells often divide? Rarely divide?
Genetics
19. Who was the father of genetics?
20. Define: dominance, recessiveness, phenotype, genotype, Punnett square, gamete,
hybrid, homozygous, heterozygous, segregation, haploid, diploid, homologous
chromosomes, gene, trait, sex-linked genes, mutation
21. In what sex do sex-linked disorders usually appear?
22. Probability- define, 3 facts
23. Be able to use a Punnett square to do a single-factor cross and determine the
phenotypic and genotypic ratios.
24. Know about the following human genetic disorders: Huntington’s, cystic fibrosis,
Down syndrome, hemophilia, sickle-cell anemia – symptoms, treatments, prognoses.
27. What are amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, and how do they differ from
each other?
28. Define meiosis, its purpose, and its products.
Biotechnology
29. What is the Innocence Project?
30. What specific fluids/tissues can be used for DNA analysis?
31. Define: cloning, genetic engineering, gene therapy, xenotransplatation.
DNA and Protein Synthesis
32. Know the structure of DNA, the N-bases, which goes with which, building blocks of
DNA, building blocks of proteins, nucleotide structure.
33. What are the steps of DNA replication? What does complementary mean?
34. Which N-base replaces thymine in RNA?
35. Define transformation, transcription, translation.
36. Know the steps of protein synthesis and where they take place.
37. Define bacteriophage, include structure. Why was this useful in finding the
structure of DNA?
38. What does a codon code for?
39. Upon the sequence of what does the genetic code depend?
Microbiology (Viruses, Bacteria, Protists,)
40. Know which of the following is a virus, a bacterium, or a protist or a fungus:
Giardia, malaria, tetanus, rabies, tuberculosis, influenza, Ebola,
Common cold, Bubonic plague, salmonella, African sleeping sickness, strep, amoebic
dysentery, HIV
41. Know the structure of a virus. Define. Are they alive? Why or why not?
42. Know the lytic vs. the lysogenic cycle
43. Define retrovirus and give an example
44. How are viral diseases transmitted?
45. What are two phyla of bacteria and where are they generally found?
46. How is bacteria helpful? Harmful?
47. Define binary fission, conjugation, budding.
48. Know the shapes and groupings of bacteria
49. Know the f(x)s of the major organelles of protists, and give an example of a protist
that has each organelle.
Fungi
50. Know what caused the potato famine of 1845-47.
51. Define and give f(x)s of hyphae, mycelium, lichen, absorption of nutrients,
mushroom, yeast, fungal cell wall composition, mycorrizhae.
52. List three ways fungi are useful to us.
53. List and identify two common human diseases caused by fungi.
Plantae
54. Dominant generations of mosses and ferns. Define sori.
55. Why can mosses never be tall?
56. What structures do vascular plants have?
57. What are two types of vascular tissue and their f(x)s.
58. Define and give examples of gymnosperms, angiosperms, cycads, conifers.
59. What are stomata, what are their f(x)s, and what cells border them?
60. Define cuticle. Give f(x).
61. Know three differences between monocots vs. dicots. Give examples of each.
Invertebrates
62. Phylum Porifera : what belongs in this group, Osculum, ostia, 7 essential life f(x)s
for a sponge
63. Phylum Cnidaria : what belongs in this group, 2 body forms, 7 essential life f(x)s for
a jelly fish, nematocyst, type of larvae
64. Phylum Platyhelminthes : common name of this group, what belongs in this group, 7
essential life f(x)s for a flatworm
65. Phylum Nematoda : common name of this group, what belongs in this group, 7
essential life f(x)s for a roundworm
66. Phylum Molluska: common name of this group, what belongs in the 3 classes in this
group, 7 essential life f(x)s for a Gastropod, Bivalve, & Cephalopod,
67. Phylum Annelida : common name of this group, what belongs in this group, 7
essential life f(x)s for earthworms vs. leeches
68. Phylum Arthropoda: Spiders, ticks, mites 7 essential life f(x)s for earthworms vs.
leeches
69. Phylum Arthropoda: Crustaceans, 7 essential life f(x)s
70. Phylum Arthropoda : Centipedes, millipedes & insects, 7 essential life f(x)s
71. Phylum Echinodermata: what belongs in this group, 7 essential life f(x)s for sea
stars, 3 reasons they are similar to chordates
72. Invertebrate Chordates: two examples, 4 trade marks of chordates, 7 essential life
f(x)s,
Subphylum Vertebrata: Vertebrates : Study all materials you have received!!
73. Agnatha: what belongs in this group, 7 essential life f(x)s
74. Chondrichthyes: what belongs in this group, 7 essential life f(x)s
75. Osteichthyes: what belongs in this group, 7 essential life f(x)s
76. Class Amphibia: what belongs in this group, 7 essential life f(x)s
77. Class Reptilia: what belongs in this group 7 essential life f(x)s
78. Class Aves: what belongs in this group,7 essential life f(x)s
79. Class Mammalia: what belongs in this group, 7 essential life f(x)s, 4 characteristics
of mammals, type of teeth, function of the cerebrum, developmental differences
between monotremes, marsupials, & placental mammals, characteristics of & what
belongs in each of the 15 orders we studied,