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4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration ! Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. • Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen. • Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria. mitochondrion animal cell 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration ! Glycolysis in detail: Glycolysis is the 1st stage of cellular respiration. • Glycolysis is anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm. – two ATP molecules are used to split glucose – four ATP molecules are produced (2 net ATP) – two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) produced – two molecules of NADH produced (energy carrier) The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration ! Overview of the Kreb s cycle. • The main purpose of the Krebs cycle is to produce energycarrying molecules NADH and FADH2. – takes place in Krebs Cycle 1 mitochondrion ATP mitochondrial matrix matrix (area enclosed and by inner membrane) 6CO2 – breaks down 2 three-carbon pyruvate molecules from energy 2 glycolysis 3 energy from • For EACH pyruvate molecule: inner membrane ATP glycolysis and – 3 carbon dioxide released and 6H2 O 6O2 – 4 NADH produced – 1 ATP produced 4 – 1 FADH2 produced 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration • Overview of ETC: 3rd stage of cellular respiration: The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP. – takes place in inner membrane – energy transferred to electron transport chain – oxygen enters process – ATP produced – water released as a waste product 1 mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) ATP and 6CO2 energy 2 3 energy from glycolysis inner membrane ATP and 6H2 O and 6O2 Electron Transport 4 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration ! Details of ETC: The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration. • The electron transport chain uses NADH and to make ATP. – high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain – energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the inner membrane – hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the membrane creating ATP – 3 ATP created for each NADH molecule – 2 ATP created from each FADH2 molecule 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration • The breakdown of one glucose molecule during cellular respiration produces up to 38 molecules of ATP. – ATP synthase enzyme produces ATP – oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions – water is released as a waste product 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration • The equation for the overall process is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O • The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration ! Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue. • Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. • Fermentation is an anaerobic process. – occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration • Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. • NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis • Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. – glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules – pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation – energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid – NADH is changed back into NAD+ 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration ! Fermentation and its products are important in several ways. • Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation. – glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation – energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide – NADH is changed back into NAD+ – NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration • Fermentation is used in food production. – yogurt – cheese – bread