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Energy production for cellular events Fabinyi Bianka 2016.09.22. The main energy suppliers of a cell are the mitochondria. They have an outer and an inner membrane that are separated by the intermembrane space and surround the matrix. The inner membrane folds in several times, creating cristae that expands the surface. The outer membrane is more permeable, allows ions and molecules under 5000 Da to pass through Porin channels. The inner membrane contains enzyme complexes, that are part of the oxidative phosphorylation, and transport proteins. It has a restricted permeability, highly regulated, that doesn’t even allow ions to pass through. The matrix contains proteins, enzymes and mitochondrial DNA. The citric acid cycle, the beta-oxidation and other processes are also placed here. Cells intakes multiple kind of possible fuels for energy, that has different routes to become ATP. The average human needs 160 g of glucose a day, of which 120 g used by the brain. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol, processes glucose and results in the following equation in aerobic conditions: • glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ -> 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H2O + 2NADH + 2H+ In anaerobic conditions: • glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP -> 2lactate + 2ATP + 2H2O The difference is 34 ATPs, because in anaerobic conditions from pyruvate an enzyme creates lactate, that can’t be processed for further ATPs, but can be used in the Cori cycle. The Cori cycle can transform the lactate back to glucose in exchange for ATPs. The Citric acid cycle processes the created Acetyl-CoA, that is previously created from different carbohydrates, proteins and fats. • acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H2O -> 2CO2 + 3NADH + 3H+ +FADH2 + GTP + CoA It not just generates ATP but also provides precursor for creating amino acids. As glycolysis, CAC also regulated in several ways for energy preserving. The created NADHs transfers electrons to the electron transport chain. Oxidative phosphorylation uses the pH gradient and electrical potential that is created by the proton pumps, to create ATP. This is why the impermeability of inner membrane is so important. The enzyme for this is the ATP synthase and the three complexes of the electron transport chain (I., III., IV.). Complex III. and IV. are cytochromes, that have a heme group in their structure. Cytochrome c is a electron carrier between Complex III. and IV.. Sources: • • • • • • • • • • • https://biochemistry3rst.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/glycolysis-cycle-3.jpg http://www.humpath.com/IMG/jpg_citric_acid_cycle_noi_wkp_0807_a.jpg https://fastly.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/fe1296eb6182efc88ea25a88f0a02638a7339410.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Cytochrome_c.png http://www.livescience.com/images/i/000/075/701/i02/mitochondrion-diagram.jpg?1430372329?interpolation=lanczos-none&downsize=640:* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_matrix https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cori_cycle Ádám Veronika: Orvosi Biokémia Darvas Zsuzsa: Sejtbiológia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis