Download The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History

GPHY 101 – Introduction to Human
Geography
November 19th 2014
Sean Field
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
Reserved.
1
Plan for Today…
1. Definition from last week
2. News and Current Events
3. Part 2: Climate Change and the Metabolic Relation
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Department of Geography. All Rights
Reserved.
2
Definition
What is “Affect”?
“In contemporary human geography, there is no single or stable culturaltheoretical vocabulary to describe affect” (Gregory et al., [1981] 2009: 89)
“intensive capacities” (Gregory et al., [1981] 2009: 8-9)
“Deleuze’s creative encounter with the term affectus in the work of the
seventeenth-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza… begins from the
analytic distinction between affect and other related modalities,
including emotion and feeling” (Gregory et al., [1981] 2009: 8-9)
Source: Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, and Michael J. Watts, eds. [1981] 2009. The Dictionary of Human
Geography. 5th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
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3
What is “Affect”?
“The word “affect” is generally used to refer to any state that represents how an
object or situation impacts a person. The term “core affect” has been recently
introduced to refer to a basic, psychologically primitive state that can be described
by two psychological properties: hedonic valence (pleasure/displeasure) and arousal
(activation/sleepy). Core affect has been characterised as the constant stream of
transient alterations in an organism’s neurophysiological and somatovisceral state
that represent its immediate relationship to the flow of changing events… in a
sense, core affect is a neurophysiologic barometer of the individual’s relationship to
an environment at a given point in time. To the extent that an object or event
changes a person’s “internal milieu” it can be said to have affective meaning—these
changes are what we mean when we say that a person has an affective reaction to
an object or stimulus. They are the means by which information about the external
world is translated into an internal code or representations” (Seth and Barrett,
2007: 1185)
Source: Duncan, Seth, and Lisa Feldman Barrett. 2007. Affect is a form of cognition: A neurobiological analysis. Cognition and
Emotion 21 (6):1184-1211.
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Department of Geography. All Rights
4
Reserved.
A Partial Genealogy of
prevailing Western-ideas
on Emotion, Thinking,
Feeling, and Affect, in
Geography
Greek Philosophy
Plato
Socrates
Enlightenment Philosophy
Aristotle
Hobbes
Locke
Kant
Smith
The
Catholic
Papacy
Hume
Mill
Spinoza
Descartes
Hegel
Bentham
b. hooks
Foucault
Agamben
Bondi
Davidson
Kobayashi
C. Nash
21st Century
Baudrillard
Butler
Ettlinger
Lefebvre
Derrida
Kristeva
Massey
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
Reserved.
Cage
Jung
Marcuse
Sauer
Kierkegaard
Nietzsch
e
Horkheimer
Benjamin
Arendt
Duchamp
Foubauch
Freud
Lacan
Deluze
Lyotard
GibsonGraham
Rousseau
Gadamer
Fromm
Adorno
Lukács
Sartre
20th Century Philosophy
Marx
Durkheim
Wittegenstein
Heidegger
Weber
Barthes
Husserl
Lacan
MerleauPonty
18th & 19th Century
Philosophy
Source: Sean Field & Meagan Crane
5
Week 11
NEWS & CURRENT EVENTS
Geographical Context and Analytical Application
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6
News and Current Events: Geographical Context
and Analysis
“Canada Is The Only UN Member To Reject Landmark
Indigenous Rights Document”
“Canada singled itself out as the only
country to raise objections over a
landmark United Nations document
re-establishing the protection of the
rights of indigenous people last week.
It was a gesture one prominent First
Nation leader called “saddening,
surprising.””
Prime Minister Stephen Harper listens to speeches at the CanadaEuropean Union Summit in Toronto on Sept. 26. Days before, the
prime minister was in New York City attending UN climate summit
events. | CP
Source: Zum, Zi-Ann. 2014. “Canada Is The Only UN Member To Reject
Landmark Indigenous Rights Document””. The Huffington Post. October
2nd; available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/10/02/canada-unindigenous-rights_n_5918868.html
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
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7
News and Current Events: Geographical Context
and Analysis
“Senate Rejects Keystone XL Pipeline Bill, In A Close
Vote”
“An early tally showed 35 for
and 30 against the bill;
subsequent calls for senators'
votes failed to net the 60 votes
needed for passage. The
decisive 41st "No" vote came
with 55 votes in favor, and the
final tally was 59-41.”
Pipes for Transcanada Corp.'s planned Keystone XL oil pipeline are
stacked at a depot in Gascoyne, N.D. The House of Representatives
approved the Keystone XL pipeline Friday; the Senate voted against it
on Tuesday. . Andrew Cullen/Reuters/Landov
Source: Chappell, Bill. 2014. Senate Rejects Keystone XL Pipeline Bill, In A Close Vote. National Public Radio (NPR), November 18th;
available from: http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/18/365048998/senate-rejects-keystone-xl-pipeline-bill-in-a-closevote?live=1
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8
Department of Geography. All Rights
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Week 11
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
Part 2: An Introduction
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9
Geographer Profile
Professor Scott Lamoureux
My primary teaching interests are in
water resources, hydrology,
hydroclimatology, geomorphology
and environmental change. I am
particularly keen to get students into
the field to learn first hand, and
many of my undergraduate courses
have a field component.
Source: http://geog.queensu.ca/faculty/lamoureux.asp
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Department of Geography. All Rights
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Scott Lamoureux
10
Geographer Profile
Professor Melissa Lafrenière
“My research interests lie in the area of climate
change and human impacts on the hydrology and
biogeochemistry of alpine and arctic
environments.”
“I currently teach undergraduate courses in
water resources (GPHY103), geomorphology and
pedology (GPHY 208), watershed hydrology
(GPHY 312), and biogeochemistry (GPHY 411). I
also teach a graduate course in biogeochemistry
of cold regions (GPHY 823).”
Source: http://geog.queensu.ca/faculty/lafreniere.asp
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Department of Geography. All Rights
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Melissa Lafrenière
11
Geographer Profile
Professor Paul Treitz
“Since arriving at Queen’s, I have developed a
suite of remote sensing and digital image
processing courses at the undergraduate and
graduate levels. My graduate students pursue a
range of remote sensing related research
interests. These research activities tend to revolve
around the application of high spatial and spectral
(i.e., hyperspectral, LiDAR) remote sensing data to
characterize boreal forest and arctic ecosystems. I
have supervised graduate students whose
research and field work has extended from the
Canadian High Arctic to the equator (Indonesia).”
Paul Treitz
Source: http://geog.queensu.ca/faculty/treitz.asp
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12
Geographer Profile
Professor DongMei Chen
“My research areas focus on the understanding and
modeling of interactions between human activities
and the physical environment by using GIS and
remote sensing techniques and spatial modeling
approaches from local to regional scales.”
“Since arriving at Queens, I have developed a suite of
GIS courses at the undergraduate and graduate
levels. Please visit the departmental website or my
website (http://gis.geog.queensu.ca) for more
detailed information.”
DongMei Chen
Source:
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13
FROM LAST CLASS:
In-Lecture Media:
Manufactured
Landscapes (2006)
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14
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
Key Analytical Concepts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The Metabolic Relationship-Dependency
“Nature” (what is “Nature”?)
Naturalism
Sovereignty (who makes the rules?)
Population (citizens and subjects; subject to sovereign-rules)
Identity (Self; psycho-social nexus; the interface between you and the
world)
Social-Cultural Norms (relations between people; and, between people
and the biophysical environment
1.
2.
Codified – Laws, Regulations, Rules, etc.
Non-codified
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Department of Geography. All Rights
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15
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
Assigned Readings
1.
2.
3.
Clack, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global
capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory and Society 34
(4):391-428.
Tokar, Brian. 2010. Global Warming and the Struggle for Justice; chapter 1
in Toward Climate Justice: Perspectives on the Climate Crisis and Social
Change. Porsgrunn, Norway: Communalism. (read only Chapter 1, pages
13-32)
Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction; chapter 1 in The Sixth
Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company.
(read only Chapter 1, pages 4-22)
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
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16
Author Profile
Author & Journalist
“Elizabeth Kolbert has been a staff
writer at The New Yorker since 1999.
Previously, she worked at the New
York Times, where she wrote the
Metro Matters column”
She has won: the 2006 National
Magazine Award for Public Interest,
the 2005 American Association for the
Advancement of Science Journalism
Award, the 2006 National Academies
Communication Award, and the 2010
National Magazine Award for Reviews
and Criticism.
Source: http://www.newyorker.com/contributors/elizabeth-kolbert
Elizabeth Kolbert
Also see for example:
http://www.independent.com/news/2
014/feb/13/elizabeth-kolbert-endworld/
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17
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“The Sixth Extinction”
“An American graduate student happened
to be studying frogs in the rainforest there.
She went back to the States for a while to
write her dissertation, and when she
returned, she couldn’t find any frogs or, for
that matter, amphibians of any kind”
(Kolbert, 2014: 5)
Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company.
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
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18
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“The Sixth Extinction”
“Having discovered subterranean reserves of
energy, humans begin to change the composition
of the atmosphere. Some plants and animals
adjust by moving. They climb mountains ans
migrate toward the poles. But a great many – at
first hundreds, then thousands , and finally
perhaps millions – find themselves marooned.
Extinction rates soar, and the texture of life
changes” (Kolbert, 2014: 2)
Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company.
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Department of Geography. All Rights
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19
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“The Sixth Extinction”
“Very, very occasionally in the distant past,
the plant has undergone change so
wrenching that the diversity of life has
plummeted. Five of these ancient events
were catastrophic enough that they’re put
in their own category: the so-called Big
Five… the history of these events is
recovered just as people come to realize
that they are causing another one… the
Sixth Extinction” (Kolbert, 2014: 3)
Source: Kolbert, 2014: 16
Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company.
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
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20
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“The Sixth Extinction”
“The most recent – and famous – mass
extinction came at the close of the
Cretaceous period; it wiped out, in addition
to the dinosaurs, the plesiosaurs, the, the
mosasaurs, the ammonites, and the
pterosaurs” (Kolbert, 2014: 6)
Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company.
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
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21
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“The Sixth Extinction”
“Today amphibians enjoy the dubious
distinction of being the world’s most
endangered class of animals; it’s been
calculated that the group’s extinction rate
could be as much as forty-five thousand
times higher than the background rate.”
(Kolbert, 2014: 17)
Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki). Credit:
Eli Finkelstein.
Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company.
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
Reserved.
22
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“The Sixth Extinction”
“It is estimated that one-third of all reef-
building corals, a third of sharks and rays, a
quarter of all mammals, a fifth of all reptiles,
and a sixth of all birds are headed toward
oblivion. The losses are occuring all over: in
the South Pacific and in the North Atlantic, in
the Artic and the Sahel, in lakes and on islands,
on mountaintops and in valleys. If you know
how to look, you can probably find signs of the
current extinction event in your own
backyard.” (Kolbert, 2014: 17-18)
Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company.
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
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23
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the
biospheric rift”
“Our aim here is to develop a broad theoretical
foundation for understanding human influence on
the global carbon cycle and the influence of
climatic change on societies”
“[Using] insights from the historical materialist
tradition, particularly Marx's concept of metabolic
rift”
REUTERS/Noah Berger
Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory
text
and Society 34 (4):391-428.
Also see for example (geographer): McClintock, Nathan. 2010. Why farm the city? Theorizing urban agriculture through a lens of
metabolic rift. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 3 (2).
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
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Reserved.
World composed of subjects and
Critical Reasoning
Author-Novel-Reader Example:
objects inscribed with
subjective meaning)
Author  Novel  Conscious Readers ≈ > Knowledge-Conscious
transformation, i.e. learning.
Subject  Object  Subjects ≈≈≈≈ > Transformation of: the psychosocial subject; and the meaning of
the object to the subject (a relation
Qualitatively imbued with the subjectivity
stemming from knowledge).
(subjective choices) of the author in both
content and layout.
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Department of Geography. All Rights
Reserved.
The Plato-Hegelian-derived Dialectical (Object-Subject)
Method of Thought, Reasoning, & Investigation
25
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
The Metabolic “Rift”? – invoked by Foster, coined by Marx
“In so far as the process of exchange transfers
commodities from hands in which they are nonuse-values to hand in which they are use-values, it
is a a process of social metabolism” (Marx [1867]
1990:198)
“Labour is, first of all, a process between man and
nature, a process by which man, through his own
actions, mediates, regulates and controls the
metabolism between himself and nature” (sic!,
Marx [1867] 1990:283)
Source: Marx, Karl. [1867] 1990. Capital. Translated by B. Fowkes. Vol. 1. Toronto:
Penguin Classics.
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Department of Geography. All Rights
Reserved.
Karl Marx (1818-1883); born into a middle-class
German household, PhD in 1841; dissertation title:
“The Difference Between the Democritean and
26
Epicurean Philosophy of Nature“
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
The Metabolic “Rift” – invoked by Foster, coined by Marx
“It is an appropriation of what exists in nature
for the requirements of man. It is the universal
condition for the metabolic
interaction[Stoffwechsel] between man and
nature, the everlasting nature-imposed
condition of human existence, and it is therefore
independent of every form of that existence, or
rather it is common to all forms of society in
which human beings live.” (sic, Marx [1867]
1990:
290)
Source:
Marx,
Karl. [1867] 1990. Capital. Translated by B. Fowkes. Vol. 1. Toronto:
Penguin Classics.
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Department of Geography. All Rights
Reserved.
text
Karl Marx (1818-1883); born into a middle-class
German household, PhD in 1841; dissertation title:
27
“The Difference Between the Democritean and
Epicurean Philosophy of Nature“
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
The Metabolic “Rift” – invoked by Foster, coined by Marx
“[L]arge landed property reduces the agricultural
population to an ever decreasing minimum and
confronts it with an ever growing industrial population
crammed together in large towns; in this way it produces
conditions that provoke an irreparable rift in the
interdependent process[:] of [1] social metabolism, [and,
2] a metabolism prescribed by the natural laws of life
itself.” (Marx, [1894] 1991: 290)
“The result of this is a squandering of the vitality of the
soil, which is carried by trade far beyond the bounds of a
single country” (Marx, [1894] 1991: 290)
Source: Marx, Karl. [1894] 1991. Capital. Translated by D. Fernbach. Vol. 3.
Toronto: Penguin Classics.
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
Reserved.
text
Karl Marx (1818-1883); born into a middle-class
German household, PhD in 1841; dissertation title:
28
“The Difference Between the Democritean and
Epicurean Philosophy of Nature“
A Partial Genealogy of
prevailing Western-ideas
on Emotion, Thinking,
Feeling, and Affect, in
Geography
Greek Philosophy
Plato
Socrates
Enlightenment Philosophy
Aristotle
Hobbes
Locke
Kant
Smith
The
Catholic
Papacy
Hume
Mill
Spinoza
Descartes
Hegel
Bentham
b. hooks
Foucault
Agamben
Bondi
Davidson
Kobayashi
C. Nash
21st Century
Baudrillard
Butler
Ettlinger
Lefebvre
Derrida
Kristeva
Massey
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
Reserved.
Cage
Jung
Marcuse
Sauer
Kierkegaard
Nietzsch
e
Horkheimer
Benjamin
Arendt
Duchamp
Foubauch
Freud
Lacan
Deluze
Lyotard
GibsonGraham
Rousseau
Gadamer
Fromm
Adorno
Lukács
Sartre
20th Century Philosophy
Marx
Durkheim
Wittegenstein
Heidegger
Weber
Barthes
Husserl
Lacan
MerleauPonty
18th & 19th Century
Philosophy
Source: Sean Field & Meagan Crane
29
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the
biospheric rift”
“The increasing concentration of
carbon dioxide (CO2) and other
green-house gases, such as
methane, in the atmosphere has
likely contributed to the observed
0.6oC increase in global
temperatures over the past one
hundred years. ” (Clark and York,
2005: 392)
Credit: Reuters/David Loh
Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory
and Society 34 (4):391-428.
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Department of Geography. All Rights
30
Reserved.
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the
biospheric rift”
“The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) now expects an
increase in global temperature of 1.56.0oC over this century.' Foster notes
that an increase of 4 'C ‘would create
an earth that was warmer than at any
time in the last 40 million years,’
potentially threatening the survival of
human civilization” (Clark and York,
2005: 392)
Credit: Reuters/David Loh
Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory
and Society 34 (4):391-428.
Copyright © 2014, Queen's University
Department of Geography. All Rights
31
Reserved.
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the
biospheric rift”
“In the year 1999, over 23 billion metric
tons of carbon dioxide were released into
the atmosphere from industrial processes,
half of it by the United States and Europe.
The IPCC estimates that global carbon
emissions have to be reduced by 60
percent to prevent substantial climate
change” (Clark and York, 2005: 392)
Credit: Reuters/David Loh
Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory
and Society 34 (4):391-428.
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Department of Geography. All Rights
32
Reserved.
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the
biospheric rift”
“Human existence is perpetuated and social history is created through a
material exchange with the larger natural world. Alteration of this process
of material exchange can potentially undermine the endurance of
societies. The conditions found in nature and society influence and shape
each other. This aspect of life is a constant. However, the specific ways this
exchange is done are determined by a variety of historically organized
social systems. For several hundred years, capitalism has been the global
hegemonic economic system, influencing human interactions with nature”
(Clark and York, 2005: 392)
Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory
and Society 34 (4):391-428.
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Department of Geography. All Rights
33
Reserved.
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the
biospheric rift”
“Physical scientists have conducted substantial research on the atmosphere
and the global climate, widely agreeing that observed increases in average
global temperatures are due to the emission of greenhouses gases
generated by human societies. Increasingly, social scientists are making
important contributions to the literature on climate change by examining a
variety of social variables and social conditions that contribute to global
warming: demographic trends, political treaties and policies, operations of
economic systems, technological development, fuel efficiency, global
inequalities in emissions, deforestation, social structures, appropriation of
global commons, and ecological debt” (Clark and York, 2005: 393)
Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory
and Society 34 (4):391-428.
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Department of Geography. All Rights
34
Reserved.
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
“Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the
biospheric rift”
“Thus, the affluent core nations of the global economy are primarily
responsible for global climate change, whether it is in regards to
emissions, the quantity ofCO2 in the atmosphere that floods the sinks, or
the hegemonic economic forces that foster the destruction of sinks, such
as forests. ” (Clark and York, 2005::415)
“Inaction creates an ever more difficult position for the future. In fact, if
current trends continue, global warming could spiral out of control,
potentially threatening the survival of human beings.” (Clark and York,
2005: 416)
Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory
and Society 34 (4):391-428.
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Department of Geography. All Rights
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Reserved.
text
CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC
RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD
It starts with making difference choices beginning
now.
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Department of Geography. All Rights
Reserved.
36