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GPHY 101 – Introduction to Human Geography November 19th 2014 Sean Field Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 1 Plan for Today… 1. Definition from last week 2. News and Current Events 3. Part 2: Climate Change and the Metabolic Relation Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 2 Definition What is “Affect”? “In contemporary human geography, there is no single or stable culturaltheoretical vocabulary to describe affect” (Gregory et al., [1981] 2009: 89) “intensive capacities” (Gregory et al., [1981] 2009: 8-9) “Deleuze’s creative encounter with the term affectus in the work of the seventeenth-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza… begins from the analytic distinction between affect and other related modalities, including emotion and feeling” (Gregory et al., [1981] 2009: 8-9) Source: Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, and Michael J. Watts, eds. [1981] 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 3 What is “Affect”? “The word “affect” is generally used to refer to any state that represents how an object or situation impacts a person. The term “core affect” has been recently introduced to refer to a basic, psychologically primitive state that can be described by two psychological properties: hedonic valence (pleasure/displeasure) and arousal (activation/sleepy). Core affect has been characterised as the constant stream of transient alterations in an organism’s neurophysiological and somatovisceral state that represent its immediate relationship to the flow of changing events… in a sense, core affect is a neurophysiologic barometer of the individual’s relationship to an environment at a given point in time. To the extent that an object or event changes a person’s “internal milieu” it can be said to have affective meaning—these changes are what we mean when we say that a person has an affective reaction to an object or stimulus. They are the means by which information about the external world is translated into an internal code or representations” (Seth and Barrett, 2007: 1185) Source: Duncan, Seth, and Lisa Feldman Barrett. 2007. Affect is a form of cognition: A neurobiological analysis. Cognition and Emotion 21 (6):1184-1211. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights 4 Reserved. A Partial Genealogy of prevailing Western-ideas on Emotion, Thinking, Feeling, and Affect, in Geography Greek Philosophy Plato Socrates Enlightenment Philosophy Aristotle Hobbes Locke Kant Smith The Catholic Papacy Hume Mill Spinoza Descartes Hegel Bentham b. hooks Foucault Agamben Bondi Davidson Kobayashi C. Nash 21st Century Baudrillard Butler Ettlinger Lefebvre Derrida Kristeva Massey Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. Cage Jung Marcuse Sauer Kierkegaard Nietzsch e Horkheimer Benjamin Arendt Duchamp Foubauch Freud Lacan Deluze Lyotard GibsonGraham Rousseau Gadamer Fromm Adorno Lukács Sartre 20th Century Philosophy Marx Durkheim Wittegenstein Heidegger Weber Barthes Husserl Lacan MerleauPonty 18th & 19th Century Philosophy Source: Sean Field & Meagan Crane 5 Week 11 NEWS & CURRENT EVENTS Geographical Context and Analytical Application Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 6 News and Current Events: Geographical Context and Analysis “Canada Is The Only UN Member To Reject Landmark Indigenous Rights Document” “Canada singled itself out as the only country to raise objections over a landmark United Nations document re-establishing the protection of the rights of indigenous people last week. It was a gesture one prominent First Nation leader called “saddening, surprising.”” Prime Minister Stephen Harper listens to speeches at the CanadaEuropean Union Summit in Toronto on Sept. 26. Days before, the prime minister was in New York City attending UN climate summit events. | CP Source: Zum, Zi-Ann. 2014. “Canada Is The Only UN Member To Reject Landmark Indigenous Rights Document””. The Huffington Post. October 2nd; available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/10/02/canada-unindigenous-rights_n_5918868.html Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 7 News and Current Events: Geographical Context and Analysis “Senate Rejects Keystone XL Pipeline Bill, In A Close Vote” “An early tally showed 35 for and 30 against the bill; subsequent calls for senators' votes failed to net the 60 votes needed for passage. The decisive 41st "No" vote came with 55 votes in favor, and the final tally was 59-41.” Pipes for Transcanada Corp.'s planned Keystone XL oil pipeline are stacked at a depot in Gascoyne, N.D. The House of Representatives approved the Keystone XL pipeline Friday; the Senate voted against it on Tuesday. . Andrew Cullen/Reuters/Landov Source: Chappell, Bill. 2014. Senate Rejects Keystone XL Pipeline Bill, In A Close Vote. National Public Radio (NPR), November 18th; available from: http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/11/18/365048998/senate-rejects-keystone-xl-pipeline-bill-in-a-closevote?live=1 Copyright © 2014, Queen's University 8 Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. Week 11 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD Part 2: An Introduction Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 9 Geographer Profile Professor Scott Lamoureux My primary teaching interests are in water resources, hydrology, hydroclimatology, geomorphology and environmental change. I am particularly keen to get students into the field to learn first hand, and many of my undergraduate courses have a field component. Source: http://geog.queensu.ca/faculty/lamoureux.asp Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. Scott Lamoureux 10 Geographer Profile Professor Melissa Lafrenière “My research interests lie in the area of climate change and human impacts on the hydrology and biogeochemistry of alpine and arctic environments.” “I currently teach undergraduate courses in water resources (GPHY103), geomorphology and pedology (GPHY 208), watershed hydrology (GPHY 312), and biogeochemistry (GPHY 411). I also teach a graduate course in biogeochemistry of cold regions (GPHY 823).” Source: http://geog.queensu.ca/faculty/lafreniere.asp Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. Melissa Lafrenière 11 Geographer Profile Professor Paul Treitz “Since arriving at Queen’s, I have developed a suite of remote sensing and digital image processing courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels. My graduate students pursue a range of remote sensing related research interests. These research activities tend to revolve around the application of high spatial and spectral (i.e., hyperspectral, LiDAR) remote sensing data to characterize boreal forest and arctic ecosystems. I have supervised graduate students whose research and field work has extended from the Canadian High Arctic to the equator (Indonesia).” Paul Treitz Source: http://geog.queensu.ca/faculty/treitz.asp Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 12 Geographer Profile Professor DongMei Chen “My research areas focus on the understanding and modeling of interactions between human activities and the physical environment by using GIS and remote sensing techniques and spatial modeling approaches from local to regional scales.” “Since arriving at Queens, I have developed a suite of GIS courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Please visit the departmental website or my website (http://gis.geog.queensu.ca) for more detailed information.” DongMei Chen Source: Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 13 FROM LAST CLASS: In-Lecture Media: Manufactured Landscapes (2006) Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 14 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD Key Analytical Concepts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The Metabolic Relationship-Dependency “Nature” (what is “Nature”?) Naturalism Sovereignty (who makes the rules?) Population (citizens and subjects; subject to sovereign-rules) Identity (Self; psycho-social nexus; the interface between you and the world) Social-Cultural Norms (relations between people; and, between people and the biophysical environment 1. 2. Codified – Laws, Regulations, Rules, etc. Non-codified Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 15 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD Assigned Readings 1. 2. 3. Clack, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory and Society 34 (4):391-428. Tokar, Brian. 2010. Global Warming and the Struggle for Justice; chapter 1 in Toward Climate Justice: Perspectives on the Climate Crisis and Social Change. Porsgrunn, Norway: Communalism. (read only Chapter 1, pages 13-32) Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction; chapter 1 in The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company. (read only Chapter 1, pages 4-22) Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 16 Author Profile Author & Journalist “Elizabeth Kolbert has been a staff writer at The New Yorker since 1999. Previously, she worked at the New York Times, where she wrote the Metro Matters column” She has won: the 2006 National Magazine Award for Public Interest, the 2005 American Association for the Advancement of Science Journalism Award, the 2006 National Academies Communication Award, and the 2010 National Magazine Award for Reviews and Criticism. Source: http://www.newyorker.com/contributors/elizabeth-kolbert Elizabeth Kolbert Also see for example: http://www.independent.com/news/2 014/feb/13/elizabeth-kolbert-endworld/ Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 17 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “The Sixth Extinction” “An American graduate student happened to be studying frogs in the rainforest there. She went back to the States for a while to write her dissertation, and when she returned, she couldn’t find any frogs or, for that matter, amphibians of any kind” (Kolbert, 2014: 5) Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 18 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “The Sixth Extinction” “Having discovered subterranean reserves of energy, humans begin to change the composition of the atmosphere. Some plants and animals adjust by moving. They climb mountains ans migrate toward the poles. But a great many – at first hundreds, then thousands , and finally perhaps millions – find themselves marooned. Extinction rates soar, and the texture of life changes” (Kolbert, 2014: 2) Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 19 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “The Sixth Extinction” “Very, very occasionally in the distant past, the plant has undergone change so wrenching that the diversity of life has plummeted. Five of these ancient events were catastrophic enough that they’re put in their own category: the so-called Big Five… the history of these events is recovered just as people come to realize that they are causing another one… the Sixth Extinction” (Kolbert, 2014: 3) Source: Kolbert, 2014: 16 Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 20 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “The Sixth Extinction” “The most recent – and famous – mass extinction came at the close of the Cretaceous period; it wiped out, in addition to the dinosaurs, the plesiosaurs, the, the mosasaurs, the ammonites, and the pterosaurs” (Kolbert, 2014: 6) Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 21 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “The Sixth Extinction” “Today amphibians enjoy the dubious distinction of being the world’s most endangered class of animals; it’s been calculated that the group’s extinction rate could be as much as forty-five thousand times higher than the background rate.” (Kolbert, 2014: 17) Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki). Credit: Eli Finkelstein. Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 22 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “The Sixth Extinction” “It is estimated that one-third of all reef- building corals, a third of sharks and rays, a quarter of all mammals, a fifth of all reptiles, and a sixth of all birds are headed toward oblivion. The losses are occuring all over: in the South Pacific and in the North Atlantic, in the Artic and the Sahel, in lakes and on islands, on mountaintops and in valleys. If you know how to look, you can probably find signs of the current extinction event in your own backyard.” (Kolbert, 2014: 17-18) Source: Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Hold and Company. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 23 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift” “Our aim here is to develop a broad theoretical foundation for understanding human influence on the global carbon cycle and the influence of climatic change on societies” “[Using] insights from the historical materialist tradition, particularly Marx's concept of metabolic rift” REUTERS/Noah Berger Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory text and Society 34 (4):391-428. Also see for example (geographer): McClintock, Nathan. 2010. Why farm the city? Theorizing urban agriculture through a lens of metabolic rift. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 3 (2). Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights 24 Reserved. World composed of subjects and Critical Reasoning Author-Novel-Reader Example: objects inscribed with subjective meaning) Author Novel Conscious Readers ≈ > Knowledge-Conscious transformation, i.e. learning. Subject Object Subjects ≈≈≈≈ > Transformation of: the psychosocial subject; and the meaning of the object to the subject (a relation Qualitatively imbued with the subjectivity stemming from knowledge). (subjective choices) of the author in both content and layout. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. The Plato-Hegelian-derived Dialectical (Object-Subject) Method of Thought, Reasoning, & Investigation 25 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD The Metabolic “Rift”? – invoked by Foster, coined by Marx “In so far as the process of exchange transfers commodities from hands in which they are nonuse-values to hand in which they are use-values, it is a a process of social metabolism” (Marx [1867] 1990:198) “Labour is, first of all, a process between man and nature, a process by which man, through his own actions, mediates, regulates and controls the metabolism between himself and nature” (sic!, Marx [1867] 1990:283) Source: Marx, Karl. [1867] 1990. Capital. Translated by B. Fowkes. Vol. 1. Toronto: Penguin Classics. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. Karl Marx (1818-1883); born into a middle-class German household, PhD in 1841; dissertation title: “The Difference Between the Democritean and 26 Epicurean Philosophy of Nature“ CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD The Metabolic “Rift” – invoked by Foster, coined by Marx “It is an appropriation of what exists in nature for the requirements of man. It is the universal condition for the metabolic interaction[Stoffwechsel] between man and nature, the everlasting nature-imposed condition of human existence, and it is therefore independent of every form of that existence, or rather it is common to all forms of society in which human beings live.” (sic, Marx [1867] 1990: 290) Source: Marx, Karl. [1867] 1990. Capital. Translated by B. Fowkes. Vol. 1. Toronto: Penguin Classics. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. text Karl Marx (1818-1883); born into a middle-class German household, PhD in 1841; dissertation title: 27 “The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature“ CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD The Metabolic “Rift” – invoked by Foster, coined by Marx “[L]arge landed property reduces the agricultural population to an ever decreasing minimum and confronts it with an ever growing industrial population crammed together in large towns; in this way it produces conditions that provoke an irreparable rift in the interdependent process[:] of [1] social metabolism, [and, 2] a metabolism prescribed by the natural laws of life itself.” (Marx, [1894] 1991: 290) “The result of this is a squandering of the vitality of the soil, which is carried by trade far beyond the bounds of a single country” (Marx, [1894] 1991: 290) Source: Marx, Karl. [1894] 1991. Capital. Translated by D. Fernbach. Vol. 3. Toronto: Penguin Classics. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. text Karl Marx (1818-1883); born into a middle-class German household, PhD in 1841; dissertation title: 28 “The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature“ A Partial Genealogy of prevailing Western-ideas on Emotion, Thinking, Feeling, and Affect, in Geography Greek Philosophy Plato Socrates Enlightenment Philosophy Aristotle Hobbes Locke Kant Smith The Catholic Papacy Hume Mill Spinoza Descartes Hegel Bentham b. hooks Foucault Agamben Bondi Davidson Kobayashi C. Nash 21st Century Baudrillard Butler Ettlinger Lefebvre Derrida Kristeva Massey Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. Cage Jung Marcuse Sauer Kierkegaard Nietzsch e Horkheimer Benjamin Arendt Duchamp Foubauch Freud Lacan Deluze Lyotard GibsonGraham Rousseau Gadamer Fromm Adorno Lukács Sartre 20th Century Philosophy Marx Durkheim Wittegenstein Heidegger Weber Barthes Husserl Lacan MerleauPonty 18th & 19th Century Philosophy Source: Sean Field & Meagan Crane 29 CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift” “The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other green-house gases, such as methane, in the atmosphere has likely contributed to the observed 0.6oC increase in global temperatures over the past one hundred years. ” (Clark and York, 2005: 392) Credit: Reuters/David Loh Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory and Society 34 (4):391-428. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights 30 Reserved. CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift” “The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) now expects an increase in global temperature of 1.56.0oC over this century.' Foster notes that an increase of 4 'C ‘would create an earth that was warmer than at any time in the last 40 million years,’ potentially threatening the survival of human civilization” (Clark and York, 2005: 392) Credit: Reuters/David Loh Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory and Society 34 (4):391-428. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights 31 Reserved. CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift” “In the year 1999, over 23 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide were released into the atmosphere from industrial processes, half of it by the United States and Europe. The IPCC estimates that global carbon emissions have to be reduced by 60 percent to prevent substantial climate change” (Clark and York, 2005: 392) Credit: Reuters/David Loh Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory and Society 34 (4):391-428. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights 32 Reserved. CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift” “Human existence is perpetuated and social history is created through a material exchange with the larger natural world. Alteration of this process of material exchange can potentially undermine the endurance of societies. The conditions found in nature and society influence and shape each other. This aspect of life is a constant. However, the specific ways this exchange is done are determined by a variety of historically organized social systems. For several hundred years, capitalism has been the global hegemonic economic system, influencing human interactions with nature” (Clark and York, 2005: 392) Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory and Society 34 (4):391-428. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights 33 Reserved. CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift” “Physical scientists have conducted substantial research on the atmosphere and the global climate, widely agreeing that observed increases in average global temperatures are due to the emission of greenhouses gases generated by human societies. Increasingly, social scientists are making important contributions to the literature on climate change by examining a variety of social variables and social conditions that contribute to global warming: demographic trends, political treaties and policies, operations of economic systems, technological development, fuel efficiency, global inequalities in emissions, deforestation, social structures, appropriation of global commons, and ecological debt” (Clark and York, 2005: 393) Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory and Society 34 (4):391-428. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights 34 Reserved. CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD “Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift” “Thus, the affluent core nations of the global economy are primarily responsible for global climate change, whether it is in regards to emissions, the quantity ofCO2 in the atmosphere that floods the sinks, or the hegemonic economic forces that foster the destruction of sinks, such as forests. ” (Clark and York, 2005::415) “Inaction creates an ever more difficult position for the future. In fact, if current trends continue, global warming could spiral out of control, potentially threatening the survival of human beings.” (Clark and York, 2005: 416) Source: Clark, Brett, and Richard York. 2005. Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift. Theory and Society 34 (4):391-428. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights 35 Reserved. text CLIMATE CHANGE; and OUR METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP with the BIOPHYICAL WORLD It starts with making difference choices beginning now. Copyright © 2014, Queen's University Department of Geography. All Rights Reserved. 36