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Unit 7 Genetics Lesson 1 – Mendel’s Pea Plants Vocabulary: Trait: a characteristic an organism can pass on to its offspring through DNA Inherited: traits that were passed on from parents to offspring regardless of the environment DNA: carrier of the genetic information Gene: a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait Notes: Gregor Mendel Noticed that pea plants had certain identifiable and measurable characteristics or traits. Mendel observed that some characteristics such as flower color, seed shape and seed color were inherited or passed on from parents to the offspring. Mendel’s work led him to the understanding that traits, such a plant height, are carried in DNA. Let’s Practice! Inherited Matching Segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait. DNA Characteristic an organism can pass on to its offspring through DNA. GENE Traits that were passed on from parents to offspring regardless of environment. Trait Carrier of genetic information Unit 7 Genetics Lesson 2- Genes and Alleles Vocabulary: ________________: tightly wound DNA _________________: two different forms of a single gene o ___________________: alleles that determines what the organism will look like (Upper case letter) o ____________________: the allele that is not expressed in the organism unless both alleles are recessive (lower case letter) Notes: DNA Found in all living cells. Controls all functions inside the cell. It stores all the genetic information for an entire living organism. Gene A segment of DNA that codes for a trait Unit 7 Genetics Let’s Practice! True or False. 1. Alleles are the same form of a single cell. _______ 2. Dominant Alleles determines what the organism will look like._____ 3. DNA is found in all living cells. ___________ 4. Chromosomes are tightly wound DNA. __________ 5. DNA stores all genetic information for part of a living organism. ______ Unit 7 Genetics Lesson 3 – Inheritance Vocabulary: _____________________: passing on of traits from parent to offspring Notes: Inherited Traits A sperm cell will join with an egg cell and become fertilized and begin to develop. Sex cells have the same number of chromosomes as other body cells because one sex cell from each of two parents combines from a new organism. o ___________: male sex cell o __________: female sex cell Every cell (other than sex cells) carries 23 pairs or 46 total of homologous chromosomes. o Sperm carries 23 and an egg carries 23. When they join, the new offspring will have 46. Homozygous vs Heterozygous Homozygous: both alleles in a pair of genes are the same o Prefix homo means “the same” o AA = homozygous dominant o aa = homozygous recessive Heterozygous: both alleles from a pair of genes are different o Prefix hetero means “different” o Aa= heterozygous Genotype and Phenotype Genotype: actual Gene makeup Phenotype: the Physical appearance Unit 7 Genetics Lesson 3 – Inheritance (con’t) Male and Female? In mammals, the two sex chromosomes are called X and Y. Females have two X chromosomes (XX) and males have one X and one Y. (XY) The sperm only carries a single X or Y, so it is the father who determines the sex of a baby. Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank. Genotype | Heterozygous| Inheritance |Homozygous | Egg |Phenotype 1. ________________ is the passing on of traits from parent to offspring. 2. ___________________ means both alleles in a pair of genes are the same. 3. The female sex cell is called an ________. 4. _____________________ means both alleles from a pair of genes are different. 5. _____________________ is the actual gene make up and______________ is the physical appearance. Unit 7 Genetics Lesson 4 – Punnett Squares Vocabulary _____________________: a grid used to predict the results of genetic crosses Notes: Punnett Squares Reginald Punnett created a __________, which is a grid used to predict the results of genetic crosses. This tool is called _________________________ Example: Showing cross between two black rabbits. Both heterozygous for fur color (Bb). (Black is the dominant phenotype-B, white is the recessive phenotype- b) Genotype vs Phenotype Genotype is the combination of alleles for a trait (BB, Bb, bb) Phenotype is the visible trait that an offspring exhibits (black or white fur) Unit 7 Genetics Let’s Practice! Black or Blue? Fill in the Punnet Square. GO TO NEXT PAGE TO CHECK YOUR ANSWER! Unit 7 Genetics ANSWER: There is a 50% chance the baby chick will be blue and a 50% chance it will be black. Unit 7 Genetics Lesson 7 – Similarities Among Organisms Vocabulary _______________: group of organisms that closely resemble one another and are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring ______________: differences that exist between individuals of the same species o can be genotypic or phenotypic tall/short, dimples/no dimples Notes: ________________ and _____________ are responsible for different traits in a species. Chromosomes Each species carries a certain number and a certain kind of chromosomes. Humans carry 46 chromosomes. Due to chromosomes, we would never confuse a human with a different species of animal Unit 7 Genetics Lesson 8 – Chromosomes Vocabulary _______: (deoxyribonucleic acid)the code carrying material in our body _________________________: shape of DNA ______________________: a single long molecule of DNA wound around special proteins Notes: Let’s Practice! Label the parts with the terms below. Use above as a guide Cell | Chromosome |Gene |Nucleus Unit 7 Genetics Lesson 9 and 10 – Meiosis Vocabulary __________: male sex cells ________: female sex cells ________________: sex cells (egg and sperm) (GAME of life) ______________- division of the nucleus of a cell forming two daughter cells, each receiving the same number of chromosomes ______________- a type of cell division resulting with ½ the chromosomes of the parent Notes: Meiosis Meiosis produces daughter cells that each have _________ the number of chromosomes the parent has. A ____________ is the first cell of a new individual when egg and sperm come together and contains a full set of chromosomes. o 23 from egg + 23 from sperm =46 from egg and sperm Meiosis vs Mitosis MITosis take the cell and Makes It Two o Results in two genetically identical cells Meiosis has to do with sex cells o Results in four genetically different cells Unit 7 Genetics Lesson 9 and 10 – Meiosis (Con’t) Mitotic phase: PMAT or People Meet And Talk ___________________- the chromosomes coil and become more compact, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and a system of fibers called the spindle starts to form ________________- the chromosomes arrange in a plane at the middle of the cell ________________- the chromosomes split and move apart _______________-_- the chromosomes reach two sides of a cell and are incorporated into two new nuclei Let’s Practice! Answer the questions below. Use the study guide above to help find the answers. 1. 2. 3. 4. What are sex cells called? _______________ How many cells does MITosis make? __________ How many cells does Meiosis make?_________ What are the four steps in Mitosis? ___________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the first cell of a new individual when egg and sperm come together and contains a full set of chromosomes?___________________-- Unit 7 Genetics Lesson 12 Mutations Vocabulary _________________: any change in a gene or DNA (can be helpful, harmful or have no effect at all) _________________: occurs when a single nucleotide is exchanged for another _________________ one or more bases are REMOVED or left out of the DNA _________________: one or more bases are added to the DNA Notes: Large-Scale Mutations o Large-Scale Mutations are more serious o Large sections of chromosomes are changed o Sections of a chromosome may be duplicated o May result in extra copies of a gene that may amplify the effects of that gene o Large sections of a chromosome may be deleted, resulting in the loss of entire genes Let’s Practice Match the term with the definition. Unit 7 Genetics Lesson 13:Genetic Engineering Vocabulary o ________________________: process by which organisms with certain traits survive to reproduce and pass on those traits to their offspring o ____________________________: the process of breeding organisms with the most desirable traits o ___________________________: the manipulation of DNA to produce molecules or organisms with new properties o ______________________: a process in which defective genes are replaced with normal genes Notes: Genetic Engineering Highly controversial issue today! For it: o Using less pesticides o Growing more crops o Improving nutritional content of food Against it: o It is trying to control nature o We don’t know how it could impact us down the road Unit 7 Genetics Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank with words found below. 1. ______________________ is a process in which defective genes are replaced with normal genes. 2. ________________________ is the process of breeding organisms with the most desirable traits. 3. ________________________ is process by which organisms with certain traits survive to reproduce and pass on those traits to their offspring. 4. _________________________ is the manipulation of DNA to produce molecules or organisms with new properties. Word Bank: Genetic Engineering | Natural Selection| Selective Breeding |Gene Therapy