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Download BLOCK F – Krizia,Kevin,Synnove – Production of Antibodies
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Transcript
Kevin Chang Krizia Carungcong Synnøve Eriksen PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES What are antibodies? - It is a protein that binds to antigens o Antigens are chemicals that stimulate immune responses to foreign proteins and molecules on the surface of pathogens. - Our body can produce a vast array of different antibodies, each one binds to a specific antigen Outcomes of binding antibodies to antigens: - Makes pathogens more recognizable to phagocytes, so they can easily be engulfed - Prevents viruses from docking to host cells so that they cannot be taken up by host cells - Causes agglutination (sticking together) of pathogens so that they are prevented from entering cells and are easier for phagocytes to ingest. Production of antibodies: Where? - In lymphocytes (white blood cells) o B-lymphocytes differentiate in the bone marrow o T-lymphocytes differentiate in the thymus The Process: 1. A B Cell is trigged when it encounters its matching antigen. 2. The B-Cell engulfs the antigen and digests it. 3. Then, it displays antigen fragments bound to its unique MHC molecules. 4. This combination of antigen and MHC attracts the help of a mature, matching Helper T Cell. 5. Cytokines secreted by the Helper T cell help the B cell to multiply and mature into antibody producing plasma cells. 6. Antibodies then lock onto matching antigens. 7. Antibodies are made up of white blood cells, called B lymphocytes or B Cells. Each B Cell carries a different membrane-bound antibody molecule on its surface that serves as a receptor for recognizing a specific antigen. When antigen binds to this receptor, the B cell is stimulated to divide and to secrete large amounts of the same antibody in a soluble form. Clonal selection: 1. When a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte, antigens from ruined pathogen are displayed on the surface of the phagocyte, bound to a membrane called MHC protein. 2. A receptor on the surface of a specific T-lymphocyte binds to the displayed antigen and is activated 3. Plasma B-lymphocytes secrete antibodies specific to the invading pathogen 4. Memory B-lymphocytes remain after the infection and will be involved in producing a more rapid response if the same pathogen infects the body again.