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Chapter 6: Learning Ch. 6 1 – Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience 1. Classical Conditioning: Pairing 2. Operant Conditioning: Consequence 3. Observational Learning: Watching Ch. 6 2 • Ivan Pavlov: we learn to associate two stimuli by pairing (experiments w/ dogs) Ch. 6 3 Classical Conditioning – Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Stimulus coming from the environment that naturally triggers a response (automatic) – Unconditioned Response (UCR): Reflex to the UCS, unlearned/naturally/automatically – Neutral Stimulus (NS): has no relationship to the UCS or UCR but later gains power to trigger the CR – Conditioned Stimulus (CS): aka previously neutral stimulus, through pairing w/ UCS becomes learned & triggers the CR – Conditioned Response (CR): learned response to the conditioned stimulus Ch. 6 4 Acquisition: The initial stage of learning Elicited: “Brings out” either automatically or involuntarily Trial: Pairing of the UCS & NS Ch. 6 5 Ch. 6 6 • Extinction: presenting the CS alone w/out UCS causing weakening/disappearance • Spontaneous Recovery: reappearance of behavior, after a period of no exposure • Stimulus Generalization: responding to similar stimuli • Discrimination: responding to only a specific stimuli Ch. 6 7 Ch. 6 8 • Stimulus Contiguity: occurring together in time and space • Higher-Order Conditioning: building on an already conditioned behavior, to associate another conditioned stimulus. (1st to sound, then to color) • Renewal Effect: if extinguished in another place, reappearance of the behavior if you return to the original environment Ch. 6 9 Ch. 6 10 • John B. Watson: behavior learned through.. • Little Albert: classically conditioned a baby to fear a white rat, then any small fluffy thing. • UCS: Generalization? • UCR: Discrimination? • NS: Reversible? • CS: • CR: Ch. 6 11 • Operant Conditioning: learning that is controlled by consequences • Edward L. Thorndike (1913) • Law of Effect: behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely & vice versa • Puzzle Box: experiments w/ Cats taught escape learning Ch. 6 12 Ch. 6 13 • B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement – Operant Chamber (Skinner Box): complex or voluntary behaviors controlled my a machine – Emission of response: voluntary – Reinforcement Contingencies: rules – Cumulative Recorder: graphs responses Ch. 6 14 Ch. 6 15 • Acquisition: first time you learn • Shaping: reinforcing behavior that is close too the desired goal • Extinction: weakening/disappearance of a response (no consequence • Discriminative Stimuli: cues that influence behavior (asking when in a good mood) Ch. 6 16 Ch. 6 17 • Primary Reinforcers – Satisfy biological needs (needs) • Secondary Reinforcers – Conditioned reinforcement (wants) Ch. 6 18 • Continuous reinforcement • Intermittent (partial) reinforcement: (leads to more resistance to extinction) – Ratio schedules: Based on Response • Fixed Ratio • Variable Ratio – Interval schedules: Based on Time • Fixed Interval • Variable Interval Ch. 6 19 Ch. 6 20 Positive: (+) Something Given Reinforcement: Behavior Increases Negative: (-) Something Taken Punishment: Behavior Decreases Ch. 6 21 Ch. 6 22 Ch. 6 23 • Positive Reinforcement • Negative Reinforcement • Escape learning: learn to end aversion • Avoidance learning: learn to prevent • Positive Punishment • Negative Punishment – Problems with punishment Ch. 6 24 • Conditioned Taste Aversion: John Garcia, taste-nausea & odder-nausea are impossible to prevent Ch. 6 25 Ch. 6 26 • Albert Bandura: Observational learning through modeling – Models: people who demonstrate the behavior • 4 key processes – attention – retention – reproduction – motivation Ch. 6 27 Ch. 6 28