Download Learning - Doral Academy Preparatory

Chapter 6: Learning
Ch. 6
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– Relatively permanent change in
behavior due to experience
1. Classical Conditioning: Pairing
2. Operant Conditioning: Consequence
3. Observational Learning: Watching
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• Ivan Pavlov: we learn to associate two
stimuli by pairing (experiments w/ dogs)
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Classical Conditioning
– Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Stimulus coming from the
environment that naturally triggers a response
(automatic)
– Unconditioned Response (UCR): Reflex to the UCS,
unlearned/naturally/automatically
– Neutral Stimulus (NS): has no relationship to the UCS or
UCR but later gains power to trigger the CR
– Conditioned Stimulus (CS): aka previously neutral
stimulus, through pairing w/ UCS becomes learned &
triggers the CR
– Conditioned Response (CR): learned response to the
conditioned stimulus
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Acquisition: The initial
stage of learning
Elicited: “Brings out”
either automatically or
involuntarily
Trial: Pairing of the UCS
& NS
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• Extinction: presenting the CS alone w/out
UCS causing weakening/disappearance
• Spontaneous Recovery: reappearance of
behavior, after a period of no exposure
• Stimulus Generalization: responding to
similar stimuli
• Discrimination: responding to only a specific
stimuli
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• Stimulus Contiguity: occurring together in
time and space
• Higher-Order Conditioning: building on an
already conditioned behavior, to
associate another conditioned stimulus.
(1st to sound, then to color)
• Renewal Effect: if extinguished in another
place, reappearance of the behavior if
you return to the original environment
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• John B. Watson: behavior learned through..
• Little Albert: classically conditioned a baby to fear
a white rat, then any small fluffy thing.
• UCS:
Generalization?
• UCR:
Discrimination?
• NS:
Reversible?
• CS:
• CR:
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• Operant Conditioning: learning that is
controlled by consequences
• Edward L. Thorndike (1913)
• Law of Effect: behaviors followed by
favorable consequences become more
likely & vice versa
• Puzzle Box: experiments w/ Cats taught
escape learning
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Ch. 6
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• B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of
reinforcement
– Operant Chamber (Skinner Box): complex
or voluntary behaviors controlled my a
machine
– Emission of response: voluntary
– Reinforcement Contingencies: rules
– Cumulative Recorder: graphs responses
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• Acquisition: first time you learn
• Shaping: reinforcing behavior that is close
too the desired goal
• Extinction: weakening/disappearance of a
response (no consequence
• Discriminative Stimuli: cues that influence
behavior (asking when in a good mood)
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• Primary Reinforcers
– Satisfy biological needs (needs)
• Secondary Reinforcers
– Conditioned reinforcement (wants)
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• Continuous reinforcement
• Intermittent (partial) reinforcement:
(leads to more resistance to extinction)
– Ratio schedules: Based on Response
• Fixed Ratio
• Variable Ratio
– Interval schedules: Based on Time
• Fixed Interval
• Variable Interval
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Positive: (+)
Something Given
Reinforcement:
Behavior Increases
Negative: (-)
Something Taken
Punishment: Behavior
Decreases
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• Positive Reinforcement
• Negative Reinforcement
• Escape learning: learn to end aversion
• Avoidance learning: learn to prevent
• Positive Punishment
• Negative Punishment
– Problems with punishment
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• Conditioned Taste Aversion: John Garcia,
taste-nausea & odder-nausea are
impossible to prevent
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• Albert Bandura: Observational learning
through modeling
– Models: people who demonstrate the
behavior
• 4 key processes
– attention
– retention
– reproduction
– motivation
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