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Behaviorism and Learning Behaviorism – emphasized overt actions, or behaviors as the study of Psychology Learning – relatively permanent change in behavior - Classical Conditioning - Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) – Nobel Prize-winning Russian physiologist Classical Conditioning - learning process involving association of neutral stimulus and response-producing stimulus until neutral stimulus causes same response Before conditioning bell (neutral stim.) food (UCS) ------- no salivation (no response) ------- salivation (UCR) During conditioning bell (neutral stim.) + food (UCS) ------- salivation (UCR) After conditioning bell (CS) ------- salivation (CR) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – Always causes a reflexive response Unconditioned Response (UCR) – the reflex or innate response Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – formerly neutral stimulus that now causes a response due to association with another stimulus Conditioned Response (CR) – the reflexive response to the conditioned stimulus When 4-year-old Katie was watching a storm outside her home, she saw a bolt of lightning. She did not have any reaction. However, the lightning was followed by a loud boom of thunder. Katie jumped and cried. After being calmed by her mother, another lightning appeared. It was followed by another boom and she cried. Two weeks later, somebody flashed a light in her face and she cried. UCS – the noise, the boom UCR – the crying to the boom CS – light CR- the crying to the light NS - lightning One of Mrs. Yip’s favorite dishes was her wonderful husband’s fabulous awesome teriyaki steak. She experienced hormonal changes (woman get crazy when they are pregnant) when she was pregnant. One day her great husband made teriyaki steak and when she got home, she yelled irrationally at her wonderful husband that something was rancid in the house. She made her thoughtful husband throw away the steak. Today she gets nauseous when she smells teriyaki sauce. NS – teriyaki steak UCS – smell of the steak when she was pregnant UCR – yelling and throwing the steak CS – smell of teriyaki sauce CR - nausea Key Concepts stimulus generalization – respond to or associate with similar stimuli stimulus discrimination – respond only to or associate only with a particular stimuli extinction – decrease in learned response due to no longer pairing UCS w/ CS spontaneous recovery – reappearance of an extinguished response after a passage of time without further training Edward Thorndike and the Law of Effect - Studied trial-and-error learning - believed trail-and-error learning is the most basic type of learning - most learning is incremental, not insight - Placed hungry cat in “puzzle box” - cat would initially displayed random behaviors - Cat would eventually produce behavior Thorndike wanted and door would open (hit paddle in box) - Successive trials would take less time to hit paddle – cat learned by trial and error Law of Effect - actions are more likely to reoccur with pleasurable consequences and less likely with painful ones - Behavior becomes “stamped in” or “stamped out” Operant Conditioning B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) American psychologist, author, inventor, philosopher - Inventor of Skinner Box (operant chamber), teaching machines, etc. - wrote Walden Two Operant Conditioning use of consequences to change the occurrence and form of behavior – behavior modification Reinforcement is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency. Punishment is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency. Extinction is the lack of any consequence following a behavior. When a behavior is inconsequential, producing neither favorable nor unfavorable consequences, it will occur with less frequency. When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced with either positive or negative reinforcement, it leads to a decline in the response. Reinforce Behavior Apply Stimulus Take Away Stimulus Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement response is followed by addition of stimulus which increases likelihood of response response is followed by removal Increase of punishing stimulus which Behavior increases behavior * Give money for doing homework * Remove chores for doing homework Punishment by Application Punish Behavior response is presented with punishing stimulus which decreases likelihood of repeating response * Additional chores for playing too much pokémon Punishment by Removal response is followed by removal Decrease of positive stimulus which Behavior decreases likelihood of repeating response * Time out for playing too much pokémon Ratio ( # of responses) Fixed (rate stays the same) Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement after fixed # of responses periods of steady responses until reinforcement, rapid responses towards reinforcement, then a brief pause before starting again low resistance to extinction being paid on piecework basis Variable (rate changes) Variable-Ratio Interval (time) Fixed-Interval Reinforcement for next correct response after a fixed amt of time since last reinforcement Intially slow rate of response, gradually increasing to rapid response as time for reinforcement approaches; pause after reinforcement low resistance to extinction checking mailbox, prepping for final exam Variable-Interval Reinforcement after a varying (unpredictable) number of responses Reinforcement for next correct response after varying (unpredictable) amt of time since last reinforcement continuous, rapid responses with little or no pause after reinforcement high resistance to extinction continuous, steady level of responses with little or no pause after reinforcement high resistance to extinction slot-machine, sales commission watching a football game waiting for a TD, prepping for surprise quizzes Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Type of behavior Reflexive, involuntary behavior Nonreflexive, voluntary response Source of behavior Elicited by stimulus Emitted by organism Basis of Learning Associating two stimuli – UCS & CS Associating a response with a consequence Responses Physiological & emotional Conditioned responses Conditioned responses Extinction decreases as CS is Process presented without UCS Active behaviors that operate on the environment Cognitive Aspects Performance of behavior is influenced by expectation of consequence Expectation that CS is predicted by UCS Responses decrease with elimination of consequences Learning from the Cognitive Perspective An alternative to the behaviorism Edward Tolman American Psychologist – behaviorist - However drew from cognitive perspective - most famous work was with rats in mazes - More to learning than stimulus and response Cognitive Learning - Rats “learn” maze - do not demonstrate until there is a reason - Latent Learning - learning not explicitly expressed in overt behavior - no obvious reinforcement needed for learning - Cognitive Map - mental image of environment - learned but not demonstrated immediately Cognitive Learning Albert Bandura & Observational Learning Bobo Doll Experiment - Children exposed to adult model playing aggressively with Bobo Doll (five-foot tall inflatable doll - 3 variations filmed – model rewarded for aggressive play - model punished for aggressive play - no consequence - Rewarded group displayed aggressive play with doll - Punished group showed few aggressive play - when asked to imitate, punished group imitated behaviors Cognitive Learning Observational Learning - Need to pay attention - need to remember behavior - need to be able to imitate behavior - Motivation Considerations – should society censor the media in regards to what children see??