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INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES Video Support Notes Following many requests, these notes have been printed on A4 size sheets for easy photocopying Produced by Video Education Australasia Commissioning Editor Christine Henderson Teacher notes by Simon Garner 111A MITCHELL STREET, BENDIGO, VIC 3550 TELEPHONE (03) 5442 2433, FAX (03) 5441 1148 IN NEW ZEALAND – FREECALL PHONE 0800 486 688 FREECALL FAX 0800 488 668 www.vea.com.au Duration 27 mins WARNING This program is protected by copyright laws both in Australia and overseas. The penalties for unauthorised copying of this program include a $50,000 fine for individuals and a $250,000 fine for institutions. These notes can be freely copied for classroom use only INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES For Teachers These notes contain two main sections. Firstly, there is information for teachers, including a summary of the program; some further points to consider (designed to provide the teacher with additional reference material and/or ideas for further discussion or written activities); and a list of websites that might be useful to teachers and students - (by no means an exhaustive list, but there are some good ones for starters). Secondly, there is a range of suggestions for student activities. These are broken down into activities suitable before viewing the program; a worksheet style photocopy master for use during the video; and activities suitable for after viewing the video. Brief Summary This program presents an overview of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the kingdoms in which they are found. With a subsequent focus on eukaryotic cells, it describes the form, size and function of various organelles within them. A brief rundown is also given at the introductory stage of units of measurement common in the study of cells and organelles - microns and nanometres. The purpose and function of organelles are defined, with detailed coverage of a range of organelles covered via a ‘Cell Gallery’ tour. Tour guide and students make their way through a series of collections – Introductory, Nuclear, Cyto, Energy, Protein and Vesicle. The images shown in the gallery are illustrations based on images from microscopes and electron microscopes. Descriptions of the form, size and function of different organelles are provided by the tour guide, and by frequent text summaries. In the Introductory collection, cells and organelles are covered in general terms, with a more detailed description given of the form and function of cell membranes, and membranes around other organelles. In the Nuclear collection, the form, size and function of the nucleus is covered, together with nuclear pores and the movement of RNA through them into the cytosol, and role and function of the nuclear membrane and the nucleolus. The Cyto collection contains illustrations showing the cytoplasm, cytosol and cytoskeleton, and outlines the function of each. In the Energy collection, the form, size and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts are covered. The Protein collection deals with the form and function of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula, and ribosomes. Finally, the Vesicle collection covers the form, size and function of the Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes and vacuoles. The program aims to provide a comprehensive summary of cells and their organelles. It is information-rich, and is designed to serve equally well as an introduction to a unit of study, and/or as a summary at the end. Used in conjunction with other teaching resources that provide both visual and written information about organelles, it is designed to assist senior students develop a broad, but detailed understanding of the form and function of the main cell organelles. Further Areas to Consider There is a lot of information within this video. Included in these Teacher Notes, there is a variety of suggestions for student activities before, during and after viewing the video. It may be useful to set aside time for at least two screenings of the video. There are a number of activities that could be worthwhile on subsequent screenings of the program. 2 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES 1. There are 38 questions provided for answering during the video program. It may be advisable to have students complete those questions they can on the first screening, and fill in the gaps on a subsequent screening. 3 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES 2. An emphasis within this program is the use of many scientific words and expressions, especially in terms of labelling organelles and smaller structures within them. While one viewing of the program is not going to be sufficient to provide students with enough exposure to the terminology, it could be viewed a subsequent time, with a specific task involving students noting down various definitions and summaries from the many provided. This would require teachers to pause the video at relevant places, and is likely to require another class session to complete. However, its value lies in the fact that apart from being a note-taking exercise that results in students having a comprehensive summary on the subject matter, it also ensures that their descriptions and definitions are uniform. 3. Another exercise for which a subsequent viewing of the program would be necessary, is to have students make notes for each organelle along the lines of ‘Form, Size, Function’ – the structure given to the summaries throughout the program. The outcome is that students have an ‘at-a-glance’ summary of the major organelles, and some basic features. A table is provided for these purposes at the end of Suggested Student Activities – (After Viewing the Program). 4. Under Suggested Student Activities (Before Viewing the Program) are a couple of exercises that could be self-corrected. Set them before the video and have students check their answers as information is provided in the program. This might be a useful in-class exercise to do during the first screening of the program, with the questions from Suggested Student Activities (While Viewing the Program) completed during a second screening. Some Useful Websites http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/cells.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/animcell.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/plntcell.htm http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html http://home.teleport.com/~amobb/biology/cellbio.html http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/org/organelles.html http://www.cyto.purdue.edu/flowcyt/educate/photos/cells/images.htm (Good images here, royalty-free for educational purposes) http://www.fortlewis.edu/acad-aff/arts-sci/biology/anatphys/cellsorg.htm (useful set of quiz questions) Other Relevant Programs available from VEA Keeping it Together - Cell Membranes The Cell CD-ROM Diffusion and Osmosis Cells & Tissues – Science Banks Series Cell Division: Mitosis & Cytokinesis Cells & Tissues – Science Banks Series 4 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES Introducing the Cell Please visit our website for many more relevant titles www.vea.com.au 5 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES Some Suggestions for Student Activities Before Viewing the Program 1. On the diagram of an animal, label as many cell organelles as you can. 2. State whether the following statements are true or false: a) Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound Organelles b) Every type of living cell has a cell, or plasma membrane c) Different proteins are found on or in cell membranes d) The nucleus is known as the information centre of a cell because that is where DNA and other genetic material is found e) A cell nucleus has one membrane surrounding it f) The nucleus is where the cells’ cytoplasm is found g) Cytosol is the name given to the fluid-like substance where many organelles are found h) A cytoskeleton is rigid and inflexible i) Mitochondria are where a good deal of energy release occurs in a cell j) All eukaryotic cells have an identical number of mitochondria k) Chloroplasts are only found in plant cells l) Ribosomes are only found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum m) Cells have the ability to destroy non-functioning organelles within them n) All proteins made within a cell are used by that cell o) Vacuoles within plant cells can change in size and shape 6 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES Student Response Sheets Video: "Inside Cells: Cells and Their Organelles”, published by VEA, 111A, Mitchell St, Bendigo, 3550 1. What are the two types of living cell? In which of the biological kingdoms are each found? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 2. Define organelles: ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 3. Complete the table for each of these units of measurement: Unit Micrometre Nanometre Symbol Fraction of 1mm 4. On the image of a cheek cell in the gallery: a) How can you tell it’s a eukaryotic cell? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ b) How can you tell it’s an animal cell? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____ 5. What is another name for a cell membrane? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 6. State three functions of cell membranes: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________ 7. Complete the sentences: 7 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES On a cell membrane __________________. the phosphate heads are water-attracting, or The ______________ acid tails are water-repelling or __________________. 8. State three types of proteins and the function of each found in and on the surface of the cell membrane. a) b) c) 9. The nucleus of a cell is often called its information centre. Why is this? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 10. What is the function of nuclear pores? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 11. What are nucleoli made of? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 12. Define cytoplasm. Where is it found in a cell? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 13. What is the cytosol? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 14. Identify two processes that occur in the cytosol. ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 15. What is the cytoskeleton? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 16. Identify two differences between microtubules and microfilaments. ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 8 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 17. What are microtubules and microfilaments made of? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 18. What function does the cytoskeleton serve? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 19. Why are mitochondria called the powerhouses of the cell? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 20. What are cristae? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 21. How many mitochondria can be found in cells? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 9 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES 22. Identify two types of cell that have more mitochondria than others. a) b) 23. Why do these cells need to have more mitochondria within them? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 24. Why are there so many chloroplasts found in leaf cells? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 25. What are thylakoids? What are thylakoid membranes? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 26. What are stroma thylakoids? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 27. Chloroplasts are one type of plastid. What does this mean? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 28. Give two other examples of plastid. a) b) 29. Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum called that? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 30. The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the outer membrane of which other cell organelle? 10 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 31. Why do some cells in the human pancreas have up to 100 times the amount of endoplasmic reticulum as other parts of the body? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 11 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES 32. Identify two places within a cell where ribosomes build proteins. a) b) 33. Identify two functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. a) b) 34. What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 35. What are secretory vesicles? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 36. What do lysosomes do? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 37. What is the main role of the vacuole in plant cells? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 38. As the vacuole expands in a plant cell, what happens to other organelles? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ ___________________________________________________________________________ ____ 12 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES After Viewing the Program As suggested, there is scope to complete further useful exercises on subsequent screenings of this program. (See Further Points to Consider under ‘For Teachers’) 1. From the program, complete definitions for the following terms. Add any of your own at the end: TERM Eukaryotic cell DEFINITION Prokaryotic cell Micron (micrometre) Nanometre Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Nuclear envelope Cytoplasm Cytosol Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Microtubules Tubulin Cristae Thylakoid Stroma thylakoid Stroma 13 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES Granum/grana Plastid Amyloplast Chromoplast Cisternae Vesicle Secretory vesicle Vacuole Tonoplast 14 INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES 2. From the information and summaries given in the program, complete the following table: Cell type/organelle Form Size Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Cell Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Chloroplast Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 15 Function INSIDE CELLS: CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES Ribosome Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Vacuole 16