Download CH 2.3-Carbon Compounds

CH 2.3-Carbon Compounds
Chemistry and Properties of Carbon
- Carbon can bond with itself to
make chains
- It can bond with many other
elements to make complex
structures
- It is a component of the four types
of molecules all living things use:
-
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Macromolecules
- “Giant Molecule”
- Monomer
- Smaller unit or building block that can
be used to build bigger molecules
- Polymer
- Molecule made up of many monomers
- Polymerization
- Joining monomers together to make
polymers or macromolecules
Carbohydrates
- Contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)
- Functions
- Energy!
- Structure
- Monosaccharides
-
Also called simple sugars
Are carbohydrate monomers
Can be used to build larger carbs
Used by living things for quick energy
- Disaccharides
- Are two linked monosaccharides
More Carbohydrates
- Polysaccharides
- Also called complex carbohydrates
- Made of many linked
monosaccharides
- Can be broken down to release
energy
- Can be used for structure
- Animals store carbs as glycogen
- Plants store carbs as starch
- Plants use cellulose for structure
Lipids
- Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
(C,H,O)
- Functions
- Energy storage
- Cell membranes
- Waterproofing
- Lipids are not soluble in water
- Lipids are made from fatty acid chains and
glycerol
- These are lipid monomers
Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Saturated fats
- Have the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms in their fatty acids
- Solid at room temperature
- Polyunsaturated fats
- Have some double bonds in their
fatty acids
- Liquid at room temperature
Proteins
- Contain carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
(C,H,O,N,S)
- Functions
-
Control rate of chemical reactions
Regulate cell processes
Form cellular structures
Transport substances
Fight disease
More Proteins
- Amino Acids
- Are monomers of proteins
- Have an amino group on one end
and a carboxyl group on the other
- Have 20 different types
- Peptide Bonds
- Link amino acids together to form
chains
- Chains are called polypeptides
- Polypeptide chains fold to make
proteins
Nucleic Acids
- Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and phosphorus (C,H,O,N,P)
- Function
- Store and transmit hereditary
information
- Nucleotides
- Are monomers of nucleic acids
- Contain a sugar, a phosphate group, and
a nitrogenous base
DNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- Has the sugar deoxyribose
Ribonucleic Acid
- Has the sugar ribose
CH 2.4-Enzymes
Chemical Reactions
• Processes that change one set of
chemicals into another
• Involve changes in the chemical
bonds that join atoms or
compounds
• Reactants
- The elements or compounds that
enter a reaction
• Products
- The elements or compounds
produced by a reaction
AB
+
CD

AC
+
BD
Enzymes
• Catalyst
- A substance that speeds up a
chemical reaction
• Substrate
- Reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed
reaction
• Active site
- Where substrates bind to an enzyme
- Enzyme is a lock, and the substrate is
the key
Enzyme Activity
• Enzymes are proteins
- Activity can be impacted by
anything that damages a protein
• Heat and pH
- Can “denature” or destroy
proteins
• Low temperature
- Lower temperatures prevent
molecules from interacting as
quickly
• Regulatory molecules
- Molecules exist to turn enzymes
on or off