Download 1 January 6, 2016 Subject to revision The George Washington

January 6, 2016
Subject to revision
The George Washington University
Elliott School of International Affairs
International Climate Change Policy
Spring 2016
IAFF 6198.13, CRN 66720
Tuesdays 5:10-7:00 pm
Room B17 at 1957 E St.
Instructor: Dan Morrow
Office: 1957 E St., Room 602
Office Hours: Tuesday, 4-5 pm or by appointment
Email: [email protected]
or [email protected]
Telephone: 301-325-4444
Course description and desired learning outcomes
Following a very brief review of the science of climate change, this course will: (1) examine
economic analyses of policy options for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs);
(2) review the history and status of international negotiations on climate change; (3)
review the current mitigation policies of major emitting countries and their positions in the
international negotiations; and (4) study key issues of mitigation policy. The course will
take a policy-oriented, inter-disciplinary approach that gives weight to economic, political,
and implementation considerations. Prior course work in economics is very desirable but
not essential.
By the end of the course, each student should be able to:
o Describe how economists have analyzed alternative policies to mitigate climate
change;
o Explain the key conceptual challenges in economic analyses of climate change
mitigation policy;
o Analyze alternative policy instruments for reducing emissions of GHGs;
o Summarize the history and current status of international negotiations related to
climate change policy;
o Analyze the interests and options for major GHG emitting countries with respect to
climate change mitigation policy;
o Provide in-depth analysis of a selected climate change mitigation policy issue that is
of particular interest.
2
Information about the instructor
Dan Morrow holds a PhD in Public Policy from the Kennedy School of Government at
Harvard University and a BA from Stanford University. From 1979 through 2002 he held
various positions in The World Bank, including economist for Indonesian programs and
division chief for operations in the Andean countries, and since 2002 he has served as a
consultant to the World Bank. In 1997-98 he was a Senior Fellow at the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace and in 2014, a Visiting Fellow at the Center for Global
Development. During 2003-2009 he taught courses on assessing the effectiveness of
development assistance and on US policies toward developing countries at GWU’s Elliott
School of International Affairs. In the spring semesters of 2012, 2013 and 2014 he taught a
graduate course on International Climate Change Policy.
Requirements and Grading
In addition to reading the assigned materials, each student will be required to:
1. Complete two exams designed to test understanding of the required readings, the
lectures, and the class discussions. These are take-home, open-book exams. The first
exam covering the material from Sessions 1-6 will be due on Monday, February 22,
and the second exam covering material from Sessions 7-10 will be due on Monday,
March 21.
2. Participate in class debates on key issues about climate change policies and in class
discussions.
3. Complete a group research project on a selected key issue of mitigation policy.
Grades will be computed on the following basis: exams, 60%; class participation, 20%; and
group research project, 20%. Letter grades will be awarded on a curve.
Core Readings
Each student should purchase the following book, which will be read in its entirety:
o Nordhaus, William. 2013. The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a
Warming World. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Nordhaus 2013)
Substantial reading will also be required from:
o Helm, Dieter, 2012. The Carbon Crunch: How We’re Getting Climate Change Wrong—
and How to Fix It. New Haven: Yale University Press.
o Stern, Nicholas, 2014. Why Are We Waiting? The Logic, Urgency, and Promise of
Tackling Climate Change. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press
All required and optional readings (except from Nordhaus 2013) will be available via
Blackboard as PDF files or as hyperlinks
3
Outline of Sessions and Readings
Session 1, January 12: Introduction to the course, and an extremely brief overview of
the science of climate change
Key questions: What are the objectives, structure and requirements of the course? What are
the broadly held conclusions of the science of anthropogenic climate change, which
constitute the scientific premises of the course?
Required reading:
o Section 1.2 (pp. 7-22), Section 3.27 (pp. 89-91), and Section 3.3 (pp. 91-96) in
Dessler, Andrew, and Edward A. Parson, 2010. The Science and Politics of Global
Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate. Second Edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
Optional readings:
o Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2013. “Summary for Policy
Makers” in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Working Group I
Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC.
o National Academy of Sciences, 2011. “Causes and Consequences of Climate Change,”
Chapter 2 (pp. 15-24) in America’s Climate Choices.
o Chapters 21-23 (pp. 419-470) in Daniel Yergin 2011. The Quest: Energy, Security,
and the Remaking of the Modern World. New York: The Penguin Press.
Session 2, January 19: Projected physical impacts of climate change and possible
tipping points
Key questions: What are the likely and possible physical impacts of climate change? What
are the risks of “tipping points” that would bring about catastrophic climate change?
Debate topic: In considering the need for and urgency of strong mitigation policies, how
much weight should be given to the risks of tipping points?
Required readings:
o Nordhaus 2013, Chapter 1-12.
o IPCC, 2014. “Summary for policymakers” in Climate Change 2014: Impacts,
Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
o Lenton, T. M., H. Held, E. Kreigler, J.W. Hall, W. Lucht, S. Rahmstorf, and H.J.
Schellnhuber. 2008. “Tipping Elements in the Earth’s Climate System,” Proceedings
of the National Academy of Science 105(6) 1786-1793.
http://www.pnas.org/content/105/6/1786.full.pdf
4
Optional readings:
o National Research Council, 2013. “Summary” (pp. 1-14) from Abrupt Impacts of
Climate Change: Anticipating Surprises. Washington DC: The National Academies
Press.
o Charles, Colleen W., ed., 2009. Chapters 3 and 4 in “Thresholds of Climate Change in
Ecosystems”: Synthesis and Assessment Project 4.2, Report by the U. S. Climate
Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research.
Session 3, January 26: Estimating the possible economic damages from climate
change, and Nordhaus’s integrated assessment model of mitigation policies
Key questions: How have economists attempted to estimate the likely economic damages
caused by climate change? What are the key issues involved in attempting to quantify and
model the long-term benefits and costs of climate change mitigation policies? How useful
are such models for policy makers?
Debate topic: How useful are recent efforts to estimate and model the economic damages
of climate change?
Required readings:
o Nordhaus 2013. Chapters 6-12, pp. 69-148.
o Houser, Trevor, et. al., 2015. Selected pages (TBD) in Economic Risks of Climate
Change: An American Prospectus. New York: Columbia University Press.
o Stern, Nicholas, 2014. Chapter 4 in Why Are We Waiting? The Logic, Urgency, and
Promise of Tackling Climate Change. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
Optional readings:
o “The Impacts of Climate Change,” Chapter 4 (pp. 69-98) in Nordhaus, William, and
Joseph Boyer, 2000. Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming.
Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
o Chapter 1-7 (pp. 1-147) in Nordhaus, William, 2008. A Question of Balance: Weighing
the Options on Global Warming Policies. New Have: Yale University Press.
o Greenstone, Michael, Elizabeth Kopits, and Ann Wolverton, 2011. “Estimating the
Social Cost of Carbon for US Regulatory Analysis: A Methodology and
Interpretation,” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Vol. 7, Issue 1,
Winter 2013, pp. 23-46.
o Pindyck, Robert S., 2013. “Climate Change Policy: What Do the Models Tell Us?”
National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 19244, July 2013.
http://www.nber.ogr/papers/w19244.
5
o Sterner, Thomas and U. Martin Persson, 2008. “An Even Sterner Review: Introducing
Relative Prices into the Discounting Debate,” Review of Environmental Economics
and Policy 2 (1): 61-76.
Session 4, February 2: Key conceptual issues in the economic evaluation of
mitigation policies: the discount rate and decision-making under uncertainty; and
discussion of possible group research projects
Key questions: What are the issues involved in choosing a discount rate when evaluating
long-term benefits and costs? What are useful approaches to decision-making under
uncertainty and to evaluating the risk of catastrophic change?
Debate topics: (1) In evaluating possible mitigation policies, should the discount rate
(explicit or implicit) be low (say, 1%) or high (say, 4%)?
(2) Is climate change different from other potentially catastrophic threats?
Examples of possible group research projects:
(1) What are the most promising avenues for international cooperation on RD&D for
key mitigation-related technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS),
energy storage, and smart grids?
(2) Are current arrangements for “climate finance” adequate?
(3) Are the current plans for reducing deforestation likely to work?
(4) How promising are on-going efforts of international collaboration to promote
“climate smart” urban development?
(5) Is natural gas a necessary bridge to a future of renewable energy, and should gas
production and distribution be regulated to reduce “fugitive” methane?
Required readings:
o Nordhaus 2013. Chapter 16.
o Cline, William, 2004. “Core Analytical Issues” (pp. 4-9) in “Meeting the Challenge of
Global Warming,” Paper prepared for the Copenhagen Consensus program of the
National Environmental Assessment Institute, Denmark, March.
o IPCC 2014. “Integrated Risk and Uncertainty Assessment of Climate Change
Response Policies,” Chapter 2 in Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change,
Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
o Stern, Nicholas, 2014. Chapter 5 in Why Are We Waiting? The Logic, Urgency, and
Promise of Tackling Climate Change. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
o Lawson, Nigel, 2008. “Discounting the Future: Ethics, Risks and Uncertainty,”
Chapter 7 (pp. 82-90) in An Appeal to Reason: A Cool Look at Global Warming. New
York: Overlook Duckworth.
6
Optional readings:
o Kunreuther, Howard, et. al., 2013, “Risk management and climate change,” Nature
Climate Change, Vol. 3, May 2013 and published online 24 March 2013
DOI:10.1038/NCLIMATE1740
o Broome, John, selected pages, Climate Matters: Ethics in a Warming World. New
York: W.W. Norton, 2012.
o Weitzman, Martin L., 2011. “Fat-Tailed Uncertainty in the Economics of Catastrophic
Climate Change,” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy Vol. 6, Issue 2,
Summer 2011, pp. 275-292.
o Nordhaus, William, 2011. “The Economics of Tail Events with an Application to
Climate Change,” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Vol. 5, Issue 2,
Summer 2011 pp. 240-257.
Session 5, February 9: Plausible mitigation targets, possible mitigation technologies
and their likely costs
Key questions: What are plausible pathways for emissions reductions sufficient to reduce
the pace and extent of climate change? What are the current and likely technological
options in coming decades to reduce emissions and increase carbon sinks? What are the
likely costs of deploying these technologies on a sufficient scale?
Debate topics: (1) Is it useful to define the international goal as limiting likely global
average temperature increase to 2 degrees?
(2) Is it better to use public financial resources to subsidize deployment of
existing technologies for renewable energy or to fund research and development of better
technologies?
Required readings:
o IPCC, 2014. "Summary for Policymakers," in Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of
Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
o Nordhaus 2013, Chapters 13-15, 17-18.
o The Global Commission of the Economy and Climate, 2014. Chapter 1: Overview in
Better Growth, Better Climate.
Optional Readings:
o Helm, Dieter, 2012. Chapter 2 (pp. 32-54) and Chapters 4-5 (pp. 75-119) in The
Carbon Crunch: How We’re Getting Climate Change Wrong—and How to Fix It. New
Haven: Yale University Press.
o National Academy of Sciences, 2010. Chapter 3 in Limiting the Magnitude of Future
Climate Change. Washington DC: National Academies Press. www.nap.edu.
o International Energy Agency, 2015. Executive Summary and Chapter 4 in Energy
and Climate Change: World Energy Outlook Special Report.
7
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015SpecialR
eportonEnergyandClimateChange.pdf
o Part Five: “New Energies” (pp. 523-642) in Daniel Yergin 2011, The Quest: Energy,
Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World. New York: The Penguin Press.
Session 6, February 16: The political economy issues, and alternative policy
instruments
Key questions: What are the political obstacles to deploying at scale the available
technologies for reducing emissions? What are the possible policy instruments for
reducing GHG emissions? What are the pros and cons of cap-and-trade systems and carbon
taxes?
Debate topics: (1) Are international sanctions necessary to enforce sufficiently rigorous
mitigation actions?
(2) Would it be better to create linked cap-and-trade systems or harmonized
domestic carbon taxes?
Required readings:
o Nordhaus 2013, Chapter 19-22.
o IPCC, 2014, selected pages (TBD) in Climate Change 2014: Mitigation, Contribution of
Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change.
o "Reflections on the Commons," Chapter 1 (only pp. 1-15) in Ostrom, Elinor, 1990.
Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
o Jordan, Andrew J., et. al., 2015. “Emergence of polycentric climate governance and
its future prospects,” Nature Climate Change. August 20, 1015. DOE:
10.1038/NCLIMATE2725.
Optional readings:
o Aldy, Joseph E., and Robert N. Stavins, 2011. “The Promise and Problems of Pricing
Carbon: Theory and Experience,” Belfer Center Discussion Paper 2011-12, Harvard
University November 2011.
o “The Main Story” (pp. 205-222) in Hansen, James, 2009. Storms of my
Grandchildren: The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance
to Save Humanity. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
o International Monetary Fund 2008. “Fiscal Instruments for Mitigation, “ Chapter 3 in
The Fiscal Implications of Climate Change Policy, Fiscal Affairs Department.
Washington, DC. (CC papers) www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2008/022208.pdf.
8
Session 7, February 23: History and status for the UN-led negotiations on climate
change
Key questions: What have been the process and the key results of the UN-led negotiations
to date—the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol, the Copenhagen Accord, the Durban Platform,
and the Paris agreement? What are the broad assessments of the Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions? How have concepts of “climate justice” affected the
negotiations?
Debate topics: (1) Has the UNFCCC process since 1992 achieved anything significant?
(2) Does “climate justice” require that high-income countries finance all
mitigation and adaptation investments in low-income countries?
Required readings:
o United Nations 2009. Draft Decision -/CP.15, “Copenhagen Accord.”
o Aldy, Joseph E., and Robert N. Stavins, 2012. “Climate Negotiations Open a Window:
Key Implications of the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action,” Prepared for the
Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, September 17, 2012.
o UNFCCC 2015. Synthesis report of the aggregate effects of the intended national
determined contributions. Conference of Parties, Twenty-first Session, Report of the
Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Actions.
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/07.pdf
o
[Final agreement from the COP 21 in Paris, December 2015]
o Admiraal, Annemiek, et. al., 2015. Selected pages (TBD) in “Assessing Intended
Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Climate Agreement—what are the
projected global and national emission levels for 2025-2030?” PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency.
o Hayward, Tim, 2012. “Climate change and ethics,” Nature Climate Change Vol. 2,
December, pp. 843-848. Published on-line 14 October 2012 DOE:
10:1038/NCLIMATE1615.
Optional readings:
o Ciplet, David, J. Timmons Roberts, and Mizan R. Khan, 2015. Chapter 4,
“Manufacturing Consensus,” in Power in a Warming World: The New Global Politics of
Climate Change and the Remaking of Environmental Inequality. Cambridge, Mass:
The MIT Press.
9
o Schelling, Thomas M., 1991. “Economic Responses to Global Warming: Prospects for
Cooperative Approaches,” Chapter 6 (pp. 197-221) in Dornbusch, Rudiger, and
James M. Poterba, 1991. Global Warming: Economic Policy Responses. Cambridge,
Mass: The MIT Press.
o Chapters 21-23 (pp. 419-470) in Daniel Yergin 2011. The Quest: Energy, Security,
and the Remaking of the Modern World. New York: The Penguin Press.
Session 8, March 1: Status of climate change policies in the US
Key questions: What have been the positions of the US in the international climate
negotiations? What climate change-related policies have been pursued in the US at the
national and sub-national level? What are the politics of climate change policy in the US?
Debate topic: Will it be politically possible to “put a price on carbon” in the US?
Required readings:
o US Department of State, United States Climate Action Report 2014. US National
Communication to the UNFCCC.
o Pooley, Eric, 2010. Selected pages from The Climate War: True Believers, Power
Brokers, and the Fight to Save the Earth. New York: Hyperion. (38 pp)
o Lizza, Ryan, “As the World Burns: How the Senate and the White House missed their
best chance to deal with climate change,” The New Yorker October 11, 2010. (18 pp)
o Lehrer, Eli, 2013. “Climate Change: It’s Time for a Conservative Alternative,”
Environmental Law Reporter, September 2013. www.rstreet.org
Optional readings:
o Antholis, William, and Strobe Talbott, 2010. Chapters 3-5 (pp. 24-75) in Fast
Forward: Ethics and Politics in the Age of Global Warming. Washington DC:
Brookings Press.
o Wheeler, David, 2008. “Why Warner-Lieberman Failed and How to Get America’s
Working Families behind the Next Cap-and-Trade Bill,” Center for Global
Development Working Paper Number 149, July 17.
Session 9, March 8: Status of climate change policy in China and India
Key questions: What have been the positions of China and India in the international climate
negotiations? What national policies related to climate change have these countries
pursued thus far?
Debate topic: Are China and India promising to do enough in terms of mitigation policies?
10
Required readings:
o Government of China, 2015. “Enhanced Action on Climate Change: China’s Intended
Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC.”
http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published
Documents/China/1/China's INDC - on 30 June 2015.pdf
o Government of India, 2015. “India’s Intended National Determined Contribution, “
Submission to the UNFCCC, http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published
Documents/India/1/INDIA INDC TO UNFCCC.pdf.
o Song, Ranping, et. al., 2015. “Assessing Implementation of China’s Climate Policies in
the 12th 5-Year Period,” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
http:/www.wri.org/publications.
o Mitra, Apurba, et. al., 2015. “5 Key Takeaways from India’s New Climate Plan
(INDC)”, World Resources Institute. http://wri-india.org/blog/5-key-takeawaysindia’s-new-climate-plan-indc
Optional readings:
o Conrad, Bjorn, 2012, “China in Copenhagen: Reconciling the ‘Beijing Climate
Revolution’ and the ‘Copenhagen Climate Obstinacy’”, The China Quarterly 2012
doi:10.1017/S0305741012000458 .
o Schreurs, Mirana A., 2011. "Climate Change Politics in an Authoritarian State: the
Ambivalent Case of China," Chapter 30 (pp. 449-463) in John S. Drysek, Richard B.
Norgaard, and David Schlosbert, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and
Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
o Wheeler, David and Kevin Ummel, 2007. “Another Inconvenient Truth: A CarbonIntensive South Faces Environmental Disaster, No Matter What the North Does”
Center for Global Development, Working Paper Number 134.
Session 10, March 22: Status of climate change policies in the EU, Japan and selected
other OECD countries
Key questions: What have been the positions of EU, Japan and other high-income countries
in the international climate negotiations? What national policies related to climate change
have these countries pursued thus far? What are the underlying politics?
Debate topic: Has the EU really provided strong leadership in international climate action?
Required readings:
o Admiraal, Annemiek, et. al., 2015. Selected pages (TBD) in “Assessing Intended
Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Climate Agreement—what are the
projected global and national emission levels for 2025-2030?” PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency.
11
o Droge, Susanne, et. al., 2015. “The EU’s INDC and its contribution to a successful deal
in Paris 2015,” Working Paper, German Institute for International and Security
Affairs, Berlin. http://www.swpberlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/arbeitspapiere/Droege_et_al2015The_EU_s_INDC_and_its_contribution_to_a_successful_deal_in_Paris.pdf
o Ge, Mengpin, and Taryn Fransen, 2015. “Japan Releases Underwhelming Climate
Action Commitment,” World Resources Institute.
http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/07/japan-releases-underwhelming-climate-actioncommitment
Optional readings:
o Climate Action Tracker, 2015. “G20 INDCs are In—But Large Gaps Remain”,
http://climateactiontracker.org/news/237/G20-all-INDCs-in-but-large-Gapremains.html
o Helm, Dieter, “EU Climate-change Policy,” Chapter 11 (pp. 222-246) in Helm, Dieter,
and Cameron Hepburn, eds., 2009. The Economics and Politics of Climate Change.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
o Schreurs, Miranda A., and Yves Tiberghien, "European Union Leadership in Climate
Change: Mitigation through Multilevel Reinforcement," Chapter 2 (pp. 23-66) in
Harrison, Kathryn, and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, eds., 2010. Global Commons,
Domestic Decisions: The Comparative Politics of Climate Change. Cambridge, Mass:
The MIT Press.
o Bals, Christoph, et. al. 2013. “The End of EU Climate Leadership,” Germanwatch
Briefing Paper, https://germanwatch.org/en/download/8591.pdf
o Tiberghien, Yves, and Miranda A. Schreurs, "Climate Leadership, Japanese Style:
Embedded Symbolism and Post-2001 Kyoto Protocol Politics," Chapter 5 (pp. 139168) in Harrison, Kathryn, and Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, eds., 2010. Global
Commons, Domestic Decisions: The Comparative Politics of Climate Change.
Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press.
Session 11, March 29: Possible ways forward, and initial discussions of group
research projects
Required readings:
o
Aldy, Joseph E., and Robert N. Stavins, “Lessons for the international policy
community,” Chapter 29 (pp. 899-929) in Aldy, Joseph E., and Robert N. Stavins, eds.
12
o
o
o

2010. Post-Kyoto International Climate Policy: Implementing Architectures for
Agreement. Cambridge UK: The Cambridge University Press.
“A ‘Greenprint’ for International Cooperation on Climate Change,” Chapter 1 (pp. 130) in Mattoo, Aaditya, and Arvind Subramanian, 2013. Greenprint: A New Approach
to Cooperation on Climate Change. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
Victor, David R., 2011. “A New Strategy,” Chapter 8 (pp. 214-261) in Global Warming
Gridlock: Creating More Effective Strategies for Protecting the Planet. Cambridge UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Grasso, Marco, and J. Timmons Roberts, 2013. “A Fair Compromise to Break the
Climate Impasse: A Major Economics Forum Approach to Emissions Reduction
Budgeting.” Policy Paper 2013-02, Global Economy and Development, The
Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.
Ciplet, David, J. Timmons Roberts, and Mizan R. Khan, 2015. Chapter 9, “Power in a
Future World,” in Power in a Warming World: The New Global Politics of Climate
Change and the Remaking of Environmental Inequality. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT
Press.
Session 12, April 5, and Session 13, April 12: Presentations and discussions of group
research projects
Session 14, April 19: Wrapping up
University Resources and Policies
Class Policies:
o Attendance is expected at every class session. A student should notify the instructor
in advance if attendance is not possible on a particular date.
o Blackboard will be used to post all required and optional readings (except those from
the Core Readings), the mid-term exams, detailed guidelines for the paper and the
team presentations, and grades.
o Arrangements for late submission of the mid-term exams should be discussed with
the instructor in advance. Otherwise, late submission of exams will incur a 10 point
penalty.
Academic Integrity: Each student is required to observe the University’s code for
academic integrity as presented at http://www.gwu.edu/~ntegrity/code.html.
University Support Services: Information regarding disability support services and
counseling services can be found at http://gwired.gwu.edu.dss/
and http://gwired.gwu.edu/counsel/CounselingServices/AcademicSupportServices.