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Biochemistry Test Review (Vocabulary on the back page) Name____________ 1. What is an organic molecule? What must it contain? 2. What are the 4 types of atoms found in greatest abundance in living things? What are the next 2 types after these 4? 3. Draw a Lewis Dot diagram of Carbon showing its valence electrons, state how many covalent bonds it can form and why this relevant to Carbon being the “element of life.” 4. What is the empirical and structural formulas for water? 5. Describe the types of bonds that water and the other organic compounds contain. 6. All living things consist of 4 main organic compounds… what are they? 7. Explain the relationship between a polymer and its monomers. 8. What are the monomers of…… complex carbs (polysaccharides): Proteins: Lipids (sort of): Nucleic Acids 9. What is the empirical and structural formula for glucose? 10. All monosaccharides and disaccharides have the same empirical formula. Explain how they can be different substances. 11. Name three disaccharides and which two sugars they are made of. 12. Sugars are stored as ______ in plants and as_________ in animals. 13. Name the 4 polysaccharides that we learned about in class, which organisms make them, where they are found in the organism, and the use. 14. Describe how lipids are different structurally than carbs and proteins. 15. What pieces make up a lipid (excluding steroids)? Which piece is polar? Which piece is nonpolar? 16. Compare and contrast a triglyceride, phospholipid, and wax (use and structure). 17. If you had the structural formula of a triglyceride in front of you, what would you look at to determine if it was saturated or unsaturated? 18. What is the source of a saturated and unsaturated fat? What is a difference in their physical properties? 19. What makes triglycerides better for storage of energy than polysaccharides? 20. What are the monomers of proteins? 21. Draw the standard structural formula for an amino acid. Label the amino and carboxyl groups and the side chain. What does the side chain represent? 22. The amino acid sequence of a protein determines the _________ of the protein. 23. Amino acids are also called ____________. 24. Why must we consume proteins? Do we use protein for energy? Do we store excess proteins? 25. What are the two types of nucleic acids and where are they found? 26. What type of organic compound are enzymes? What do they do? 27. Compare and contrast a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction to a hydrolysis reaction. 28. Draw out the hydrolysis reaction of sucrose. 29. Draw out the dehydration synthesis reaction of a dipeptide. 30. Describe a lab technique for determining what type/s of organic compounds are in foods or other substances. 31. Which type of organic compound/nutrient is THE BEST to give a Cholera victim (along with water and electrolytes) ? Explain why. 32. Fill in the chart below: Type of Organic Compound Atoms found in compound Monomers that make up the polymer form Structural formula of the monomer XXXX XXXXX Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids 33. Name food that are good sources of a. Simple carbs: b. Complex carbs: c. Lipids: d. Proteins: Unit 5 Vocabulary: Biochemistry examples of compound with function Where each subtype is found (what type of organism and where in that organism) 1. Carbohydrate 2. Protein 3. Peptide bonds 4. Hydrolysis 5. Lipid 6. Polymer 7. Dehydration synthesis/Condensation Rxn 8. Amino acids 9. Glucose 10. Glycerol 11. Fatty acid 12. Water 13. Polar 14. Nonpolar 15. Cohesion 16. Adhesion 17. Monomer 18. Disaccharides 19. Monosaccharides 20. Organic Compound 21. Nucleic Acids 22. Saturated fat 23. Unsaturated fat B2.5x Energy Transfer All living or once living organisms are composed of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates and lipids contain many carbon-hydrogen bonds that also store energy. However, that energy must be transferred to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to be usable by the cell. B2.2 Organic Molecules There are four major categories of organic molecules that make up living systems: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids. B2.5 Living Organism Composition All living or once-living organisms are composed of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates and lipids contain many carbon-hydrogen bonds that also store energy. B2.2x Proteins Protein molecules are long, usually folded chains composed mostly of amino acids and are made of C, H, O, and N. Protein molecules assemble fats and carbohydrates; they function as enzymes, structural components, and hormones. The function of each protein molecule depends on its specific sequence of amino acids and the shape of the molecule. B2.5A Recognize and explain that macromolecules such as lipids contain high energy bonds. B2.2A Explain how carbon can join to other carbon atoms in chains and rings to form large and complex molecules. B2.2B Recognize the six most common elements in organic molecules (C, H, N, O, P, S). B2.2C Describe the composition of the four major categories of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). B2.2D Explain the general structure and primary functions of the major complex organic molecules that compose living organisms. B2.2E Describe how dehydration and hydrolysis relate to organic molecules. B2.4f Recognize and describe that both living and nonliving things are composed of compounds, which are themselves made up of elements joined by energy-containing bonds, such as those in ATP.