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CAMPUS F RANCE campusfrance.org Climatology research in France France, a main partner of the Kyoto Protocol, will chair the 2015 Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21/CMP11), the purpose of which is to reach an international agreement to limit global warming to no more than 2°C. A planetary phenomenon, climate change is the object of a major French system of support for research, development, and innovation in energy-related fields. Research and innovation projects in agriculture and alternative energy aim to cut emissions of greenhouse gases in the interest of sustainable development and environmental preservation. France began its ecological and energy transition with the goal of substantially reducing its carbon emissions. The nation’s per capita emissions of greenhouse gases are already among the lowest in the industrialized world. France also works closely with developing countries to encourage the transition to a low-carbon economy. Within the European Union, France has taken an ambitious position centered on a goal of achieving a 40 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and 60 percent by 2040 (compared with 1990 levels). To respond to warnings from scientists on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and human responsibility for global warming, France is supporting research in several priority areas at a level that reflects the urgent need for action. Climate change The study of today’s climate and its evolution depends on the study of past climates – those of the distant past (the subject of paleoclimatology) or of the recent past. It also requires global and regional climate models and an appreciation of the limits of climate simulations. Past climates are reconstructed by collecting evidence (from ice, marine environments, continental environments, and old weather reports) and by modeling natural changes in the climate during the Quaternary and pre-Quaternary periods as well as more recent changes caused by human activity. These research efforts have benefitted from the development and use of cutting-edge scientific equipment such as spectrometers, magnetometers, chromatographs, lasers, and so on, and primarily from digital modeling technologies. Another reason to study climate change is to understand its effects in different domains – health, water, biodiversity, natural risks, agriculture, forests, fisheries, energy, manufacturing, infrastructure, transportation services, city planning, coastal management, and mountains – so as to conceive and plan adaptive measures at the national and local levels. Several French research programs involve the implementation of the ecological transition, the prevention of health and environmental risks, the engagement against climate change, and management of its impact. 1 Reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases Carbon footprint The engagement against climate change is inseparable from the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The very active research program in this area includes, within the realm of technology, carbon capture and storage, particularly underground. France reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by more than 10 percent over the commitment period (2008-2012) of the Kyoto protocol thanks to improvements in the energy efficiency of products, engines, and industrial processes. Innovations for the production of low-carbon technologies have improved agricultural techniques, transportation, and land-use planning (housing, urban planning, roads and railways, rivers and maritime activities, air traffic). Similarly, the priorities of new-construction design are exterior insulation, use of wood products (which trap carbon), and alternative energy for heating. Within the framework of environmental approaches to the design and construction of green buildings, the concept of the “positive energy building” achieved through insulation remains a critical preoccupation. Agriculture and sustainable development Climate change has permanently altered global agriculture, threatening food security. Population growth and the emergence of new countries that are high energy consumers (Brazil, China, India) have intensified the cultivation of land and increased industrial production, creating growing amounts of pollution that further affect agriculture. The appropriation of land for the production of bioenergy, a relatively new goal of agriculture, threatens food security and the environment by creating substantial global imbalances. The major challenge is to ensure the food security of the poorest populations, which is the focus of development-oriented research and the design of techniques and technologies to intensify crop production in an eco-friendly manner. 2 Designates the amount of carbon, in metric tons, emitted by an activity or organization. The concept makes it possible to represent the demands that the burning of fossil fuels make on the planet. Emissions of carbon dioxide, expressed as the forest area required to sequester it, accounts for half of the whole human ecological footprint. Alternative energy Alternative energies that emit lower levels of greenhouse gases are the focus of many French research projects. Energy alternatives including bioenergy, geothermal energy, thermodynamic heating, solar (thermal, photovoltaic, concentrated), wind, wave, hydraulic, and various hydrogen-related forms – are analyzed from the point of view of their output (yield) and their emissions. Reflecting those analytical efforts, the nation’s energy research strategy emphasizes energy efficiency, solar energy, energy storage, biofuels, and forms of energy derived from the sea. For all such research, meteorology and climatology are essential disciplines, enabling researchers and energy companies to better assess available resources and to optimize combinations of different energy sources on a routine basis. Meteorological and climatic expertise Weather alerts and monitoring maps, as well as many other types of meteorological and climatological information products are developed by Météo-France, the French national weather service. It helps to protect people, property, and the environment while also decreasing the effect of natural disasters, thanks to advance warnings and a better understanding of risks. Meteorological and climatological analyses and forecasts underpin the design of long-term adaptation strategies covering a single season or a century using statistical tools and modeling. Climate signals, such as intraseasonal and interannual variability, as well as long-term changes, are studied for their impact on the natural environment, society, and economically vital topics such as agriculture, forestry, air quality, public health, and infrastructure, among others. Improving the accuracy of weather forecasts and developing a better understanding of climatic mechanisms and of the evolution of the climate are also priorities of Météo-France. Through modeling of the climates of yesterday, today, and tomorrow in France and around the world, including description of the various components of the planetary system (atmosphere, oceans, ice caps, vegetation, soils), meteorologists will be able to refine their diagnostic of the impact of climate change. Météo-France : www.meteofrance.fr>Activités de recherche The Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM, national center for meteorological research) is a joint unit of CNRS (the national center for scientific research) and MétéoFrance with research units in Grenoble, Brest, Francazal (SAFIRE research aircraft), and Toulouse. Through its affiliation with the national polytechnic institute at Université de Toulouse, the CNRM offers doctoral training (ED 173, ED 468). The organization is a founding member of AllEnvi, the research alliance for environmental sciences, a platform for cooperation among French research bodies in the field. CNRM conducts research involving the observation of environments (oceanic, atmospheric, snow caps), digital weather forecasting and climate simulation, the water cycle, changes in the oceans and atmosphere, atmospheric physical chemistry, urban meteorology, assimilation (check) and modeling for digital weather forecasting, and instrumentation. LCNRM teams participate in the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, winner of the 2007 Novel Peace Prize), the programs of the World Meteorological Organization, and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Program for Research and Innovation. The CNRM also collaborates with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) based in Reading, United Kingdom, which is dedicated to meteorological forecasting beyond a four-day horizon. In France, Météo-France benefits from close cooperation with CERFACS, the European center for research and advanced training in scientific computing, as well as Mercator Océan in the field of oceanography and the Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées. CNRM-GAME (CNRM research group on the meteorological atmosphere): www.cnrm.meteo.fr École nationale de la météorologie (ENM, national school of meteorology) The activities of ENM, the education and training arm of the public agency Météo-France, cover all aspects of education in meteorology and related fields. ENM offers research master and engineering programs, as well as short programs in French and English (e.g., Climatology, foundation for climate services; Weather forecasting in mid-latitude regions). A member of the European Computer-Aided Learning Programme in Meteorology (ECALPRO), ENM produces e-learning programs, including one on meteorological codes for use in aeronautics (translated into English and Spanish and disseminated in more than 80 countries) and designed the first European meteorology education server on the Internet, involving 22 meteorological institutions in European 15. INP Toulouse-ENM Météo France : http://www.enm.meteo.fr The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, the IPCC was set up in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization to produce expert scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information on the risk of human-induced climate change. Most members of the United Nations are also members of the IPCC, which assesses and synthesizes research work on the climate carried out in laboratories throughout the world. IPCC assessments and special reports: https://www.ipcc.ch>Publications and Data 17 French scientists from universities, the École Polytechnique, Météo-France, CNRS (the French national center for scientific research), and the CEA (the French atomic energy agency), participated in the compilation of the fifth report of the IPCC. Published in 2014, the report confirms the acceleration of emissions of greenhouse gases and the need for an energy transition program. The report describes the various options for keeping the increase in the global temperature to no more than 2ºC so as to limit the effects of climate change. List of French authors selected for the fifth IPCC assessment (AR5): www.insu.cnrs.fr/files/auteurs_francais_ar5.pdf 3 Strategy for the environment and engagement against climate change In the 1990’s, France began several air-quality and wastetreatment initiatives. Environmental protection became a national priority with the creation of the Agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie (ADEME, environment and energy security agency) and the adoption of a national environmental plan. Under the Kyoto Protocol, France made a commitment to stabilize, over the period 2008–12, greenhouse gas emissions at 1990 levels. In 2000, the Programme de Lutte contre le Changement Climatique (PNLCC, program to combat climate change) made it possible for France to meet its commitment. By 2004, France had made a plan, which was followed in 2007 by a national environmental task force. Programs that included renewable forms of energy were incorporated into a master carbon assessment, which gave rise to regional climate plans. By 2012, France’s emissions had declined by 12% thanks to the combination of attenuation measures, including improved industrial processes, better building insulation, and the use of renewable energy, among others. Alliance nationale de recherche pour l’environnement (AllEnvi national environmental research alliance) - Food, climate, water, land use AllEnvi brings together public research efforts to program and coordinate France’s environmental science strategy, which emphasizes adaptation to and attenuation of the effects of climate change. Improving observational data for better climate modeling is a key part of the Ocean component of the European Global Monitoring for Environment and Security program. Along with climate, several other thematic areas take climatology into account in a cross-cutting way: agroecology and soil, food and food processing, biodiversity, water, environmental evaluation, oceans and seas, and risks. http://www.allenvi.fr Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (ADEME, environment and energy security agency) ADEME supports research and development into vehicles, buildings, new energy technologies, and ways to use alternative and renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The agency participated in the national climate plan in 2004 and helped businesses complete their own carbon assessments. http://www.ademe.fr>Nos expertises>Changement climatique 4 CIRAD, agronomic research for development With a global network of partners in 90 countries, CIRAD supports project-based research related to the engagement against climate change: climate change and emerging animal diseases; climate change and plant health; livestock and climate change; climate change and food security; payments for environmental services and climate change; climate change and strengthening national and local capacity; international negotiations and national climate policies. http://www.cirad.fr>Innovation & expertise>Compétences et expertises>Changement climatique et agriculture Climat-Environnement-Société (scientific interest group on climate, environment, and society) Through its 13 laboratories and the Île-de-France research federation, the GIS supports and coordinates interdisciplinary research on climate change and its environmental and social effects. Work is conducted in the areas of climatology, hydrology, ecology, economics, health, the social sciences, and the humanities. Researchers rely on Système Terre (earth system) digital modeling tools and the Earth observation platforms. The GIS ClimatEnvironnement-Société funds visits from high-level foreign scholars and researchers. It provides seed funding and support for interdisciplinary projects that will be integrated with European and international scientific programs. It also supports communication and training initiatives in the sciences. http://www.gisclimat.fr Institut national des sciences de l’Univers (INSU, national institute of space sciences) - CNRS INSU, a part of CNRS organizes and structures environmental research while also providing support for laboratories. Meteorology and climate, as well as the composition and quality of air, water, and soils, are subjected to observations at various levels of time and space, to laboratory and field experiments, and to modeling to test scenarios and effects for forecasting purposes. http://www.insu.cnrs.fr/environnement Observatoire national sur les effets du réchauffement climatique (ONERC, national observatory on the effects of global warming) In 2001, France established a national observatory on the effects of global warming. The observatory has three major missions: - To gather and disseminate information, research, and studies on risks linked to global warming and extreme weather events - To formulate recommendations concerning measures to prevent and adapt to climate change - To dialogue with developing countries to facilitate their energy transition. ONERC is France’s official point of contact with the IPCC. Since 2011, ONERC’s website has made available documentation and research, thus becoming the portal of choice on climate change. http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/-Impactset-adaptation-ONERC-.html The European "Climate Action, Environment, Resource Efficiency, and Raw Materials" challenge Challenge number 5 of Horizon 2020, the European research and innovation program, is “Climate Action, Environment, Resource Efficiency, and Raw Materials.” The goal of the challenge is to reconcile global population growth with the planet’s limits in terms of natural resources and ecosystem balance. The challenge program supports the production of new knowledge and the development of tools, methods, policies, and eco-innovations. Activities related to climate, environment, and resources figure in requests for proposals for the Blue Growth program: exploiting the potential of the oceans (bioeconomy challenge), energy efficiency (energy challenge), and “disaster resilience: protecting and safeguarding society," including in its adaptation to climate change (security challenge). http://www.horizon2020.gouv.fr Climate-KIC Climate-KIC is one of the operational branches of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the French office of which is in Paris. It aims to increase incentives mitigating and adapting to climate change by co-financing innovative technologies, startups, risk-management measures, and specialized training programs. Climate-KIC has centers in Berlin, Paris, London, Randstad (Netherlands), and Zurich, as well as a network in six European regions. http://eit.europa.eu/eit-community/ climate-kic The French partners of Climate-KIC include manufacturers (GDF Suez and 12 others), research and training centers (CEA, INRA, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, and nine other institutions), and five public agencies and nongovernmental organizations. http://www.climate-kic.org http://eit.europa.eu 5 Doctoral Departments • Environments-Health - ED 554 http://www.ecoledoctoralee2s.com Located at Université de Bourgogne, the Center for Research in Climatology (CRC) is a research team embedded within the CNRS joint research unit on Biogeosciences (unit 6262) that performs research on the detection, attribution, of climate signs and their current and future effects. The center’s activity is largely centered on the problem of the regionalization of the climate as observed and modeled. http://climatologie.u-bourgogne.fr • Life sciences and the humanities - ED 227 http://www.mnhn.fr/fr/enseignement-formation/ enseignement-superieur/ecole-doctorale LOCEAN (laboratory of oceanography and climate: digital approaches and experimentation) is a multi-organizational research unit affiliated with the doctoral department on life sciences and the humanities (doctoral department 227) at the National Museum of Natural History and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6. LOCEAN studies the processes of oceanic variability and their interactions with climatic variability, vertical mixing, and internal waves (up to and including those of planetary movements). Research efforts are aimed at expanding our knowledge of ocean dynamics and their impact on climate change and the earth’s major chemical components, particularly carbon in its inorganic and organic forms and in connection with biogeochemical cycles. https://www.locean-ipsl.upmc.fr • Multidisciplinary doctoral department - ED 260 http://www.univ-ag.fr>Recherche>École Doctorale Embedded within Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, the host team on adaptation, tropical climate, exercise, and health (ACTES) fosters multidisciplinary knowledge on adaptation to exercise in tropical settings, notably in the Caribbean, from the double perspective of performance and health. One direction of research is human’s adaptation to tropical climate’s. http://calamar.univ-ag.fr/uag/staps/actes/index.html 6 • MIPEGE (modeling and instrumentation in physics, energy, geosciences, and the environment) - ED 534 http://www.ed-mipege.u-psud.fr LSCE (the laboratory of environmental and climate sciences) is a joint research unit of the CNRS (CNRS unit 8212), the French atomic energy commission, and Université de Versailles SaintQuentin (UVSQ). Located on two sites (Saclay and Gif-sur-Yvette), it is affiliated with two doctoral departments: SEIF (Île-de-France environmental sciences, regional doctoral department 129) for environmental and climate sciences; and MIPEGE (modeling and instrumentation in physics, energy, geosciences, and the environment (doctoral department 534 at Université Paris Sud) for earth sciences. LSCE analyzes the evolution of climate over all time horizons so as to predict the major changes that will confront our planet in the coming decades. The laboratory’s research efforts are organized into four scientific themes: climate dynamics and records; atmospheric composition and surface fluxes; climate modeling and biogeochemical cycles; and environmental transfers and tracers. These themes are complemented by the study of human-climate-environment interactions. http://www.lsce.ipsl.fr • SEIF (Île-de-France environmental sciences) - ED 129 http://www.ed129.upmc.fr Dedicated to the environmental and climate sciences, SEIF covers multidisciplinary fields linked to understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological equilibrium of the earth’s environment. Research topics include the climate and its variations at all scales of time and space, the dynamics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere and ocean, the functioning of the continental and marine biospheres, biogeochemical cycles, and the physical chemistry of air, water, and soil pollution. • SDU2E (sciences of the universe, space, and the environment) - ED 173 - http://sdu2e.obs-mip.fr Made up of a dozen laboratories, SDU2E and the CNRS collaborate on climatology research at the National Center for Meteorological Research (CNRM/GAME) of Météo France, the French national weather service. Research topics go beyond meteorology to embrace atmospheric chemistry, oceanography, and surface hydrology, among others. CNRM-GAME is organized into five research groups: study of the meteorological atmosphere; experimental and instrumental meteorology; largescale and climatic meteorology; mid-scale meteorology; and modeling for comparison and forecasting. http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr Laboratories and research teams Campagne BBLAST à Lannemezan - Ballon captif Crédit photo : Pascal Taburet - Météo-France CEREGE (European center for research and teaching in environmental geosciences) - https://www.cerege.fr Based in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille, CEREGE is a joint unit (UM 34) of Université Aix-Marseille, the CNRS, and the French national institute for development research, in partnership with the Collège de France. CEREGE’s seven multidisciplinary teams cover several different research areas, among them the dynamics of major climate cycles at the global scale and environmental variability and its impacts on ecosystems. CLIMOR (paleoclimatic core sampling: high resolution and innovations) - http://climcor-equipex.dt.insu.cnrs.fr CLIMCOR studies past environmental and climatic changes using specialized technologies. A recipient of the French national Investissements d’avenir–Équipements d’excellence (investments in the future / facilities of excellence) program, CLIMCOR studies the climatic records of recent millennia deposited in marine and continental sediments and ice. The project is based on the construction of three new core samplers that improve the quality of collected samples and the ability to analyze climate variations over very short intervals of time. IPSL (center for climate modeling of the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace) - http://icmc.ipsl.fr The purpose of IPSL’s center for climate modeling is to study the earth’s climate in its physical, chemical, and biogeochemical aspects. The center’s modeling teams study the components of the climate system (atmosphere, ocean, continental surfaces, ice cover) and their links. Their research is related to climatic variability and change. LCRE (laboratory of climatology, risk, and environment) - http://lcre.univ-lyon3.fr Located at Université Jean Moulin-Lyon 3, LCRE pursues research along several axes: general atmospheric dynamics; weather and climate dynamics in tropical, temperate, and polar zones; applied climatology (topoclimatology and urban climatology) and climate change; and weather dynamics. LGGE (laboratory glaciology and environmental geophysics) - http://lgge.osug.fr Housed at Université Joseph Fourier in Grenoble, LGGE is organized into five research teams: climates past, present, and projected; atmospheric chemistry, snow, and ice; flow dynamics and deformational physics of ice masses; the cryosphere, the hydrosphere, and mountain climates; multiscale modeling of oceanic flows. LMD (laboratory of dynamic meteorology) http://www.lmd.jussieu.fr A mixed research unit operating on three university sites (École Polytechnique, École Normale Supérieure, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie), LMD studies the climate, pollution, and planetary atmospheres by combining theoretical approaches and innovative instruments for observation and digital modeling. Campagne Hymex les 25/26 novembre 2012 à Montpellier Crédit photo : Pascal Taburet - Météo-France 7 Useful links • Airparif, air pollution in Île-de-France: http://www.airparif.asso.fr • France’s water authorities: http://www.lesagencesdeleau.fr • Geoïdd interactive map (France and coastlines), observation service, and statistics from the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, and Energy: http://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/ cartographie/750.html • ANCRE, the national coordinating alliance for energy research: http://www.allianceenergie.fr • ANR, national research agency: http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr • INSU, national institute of space sciences: http://www.insu.cnrs.fr • Bilan GES, resource center on greenhouse gas assessments: http://www.bilans-ges.ademe.fr • IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: http://www.ipcc.ch • CDC climate research: http://www.cdcclimat.com/CDC-Climat-Recherche.html • La Recherche, climatology archives: http://www.larecherche.fr/savoirs/climatologie • CEPMMT, European center for medium-term forecasting: http://www.ecmwf.int • MAEDI, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr>Politique étrangère de la France>Environnement et développement durable • CERFACS, European center for research and advanced training in scientific computation: http://www.cerfacs.fr • CESE, economic, social, and environmental council: http://www.lecese.fr • MEDDE, Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, and Energy: http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr> Énergie, air et climat • Key climate figures for France and the world 2014: http://www.cdcclimat.com>Publications • Climate-KIC, a European project at the FCS Campus-Saclay: http://www.climate-kic.org • Mercator Océan, ocean analysis and forecasting: http://www.mercator-ocean.fr • CLIM-RUN Project 2011–2014): http://www.climrun.eu • OMP, Observatoires Midi-Pyrénées: http://www.obs-mip.fr • Club CO2, carbon capture, storage, and trading: http://www.captage-stockage-valorisation-co2.fr • ONEMA, national office on water and aquatic milieus: http://www.onema.fr • CNRM, national center for meteorological research: http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr • ONERC, national observatory on the effects of global warming: http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Impacts-et-adaptation-ONERC-.html • COP21, 2015 Paris Climate Conference: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr>Politique étrangère de la France>Environnement et développement durable • RAC-FR, climate action network in France: http://www.rac-f.org • Energy and climate research challenges: http://www.cea.fr/energie/energies-climatles-defis-de-la-recherche • Research newsletter of the scientific interest group on climate, the environment, and society: http://www.gisclimat.fr>Nos activités>Diffusion scientifique • Energy and climate, observations and statistics, Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, and Energy: http://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr> Énergies et climat • Sagascience, a collection of multimedia files from CNRS on climate issues and topics: http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/saga.htm • Scientific interest group on climate, environment, and society: http://www.gisclimat.fr • Energy and climate package implemented by France (syntheses): http://www.ccomptes.fr/Publications/Publications/ La-mise-en-aeuvre-par-la-France-du-Paquet-energie-climat • UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: https://unfccc.int • ENM Météo/INP Toulouse : http://www.enm.meteo.fr • Volatils, earth, atmosphere, and interactions from the Voltaire laboratory of excellence: http://www.univ-orleans.fr/investissements-avenir/voltaire • European Institute of Innovation and Technology, KIC-Climat: http://eit.europa.eu/eit-community/climate-kic • Evolution of the climate and the oceans, articles by Édouard Bard of the Collège de France: http://www.college-de-france.fr/site/ edouard-bard/travaux__1.htm • WMO, World Meteorological Organization—Weather, Climate, Water: http://www.wmo.int • WCRP, World Climate Research Programme: http://www.wcrp-climate.org 8