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CAMPUS
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RANCE
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Climatology
research
in France
France, a main partner of the Kyoto Protocol, will chair the 2015 Conference of the Parties to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21/CMP11), the purpose of
which is to reach an international agreement to limit global warming to no more than 2°C.
A planetary phenomenon, climate change is the object of a major French system of support for
research, development, and innovation in energy-related fields. Research and innovation projects
in agriculture and alternative energy aim to cut emissions of greenhouse gases in the interest
of sustainable development and environmental preservation.
France began its ecological and energy transition with the goal of substantially reducing its carbon emissions.
The nation’s per capita emissions of greenhouse gases are already among the lowest in the industrialized world. France
also works closely with developing countries to encourage the transition to a low-carbon economy. Within the European
Union, France has taken an ambitious position centered on a goal of achieving a 40 percent reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions by 2030 and 60 percent by 2040 (compared with 1990 levels). To respond to warnings from scientists on the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and human responsibility for global warming, France is supporting research
in several priority areas at a level that reflects the urgent need for action.
Climate change
The study of today’s climate and its evolution depends on the
study of past climates – those of the distant past (the subject of
paleoclimatology) or of the recent past. It also requires global
and regional climate models and an appreciation of the limits
of climate simulations. Past climates are reconstructed by
collecting evidence (from ice, marine environments, continental
environments, and old weather reports) and by modeling
natural changes in the climate during the Quaternary and
pre-Quaternary periods as well as more recent changes caused
by human activity. These research efforts have benefitted from
the development and use of cutting-edge scientific equipment
such as spectrometers, magnetometers, chromatographs, lasers,
and so on, and primarily from digital modeling technologies.
Another reason to study climate change is to understand its effects
in different domains – health, water, biodiversity, natural risks,
agriculture, forests, fisheries, energy, manufacturing, infrastructure,
transportation services, city planning, coastal management, and
mountains – so as to conceive and plan adaptive measures at the
national and local levels. Several French research programs involve
the implementation of the ecological transition, the prevention of
health and environmental risks, the engagement against climate
change, and management of its impact.
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Reduction of emissions
of greenhouse gases
Carbon footprint
The engagement against climate change is inseparable from the
effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The very active
research program in this area includes, within the realm of
technology, carbon capture and storage, particularly
underground.
France reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by more than
10 percent over the commitment period (2008-2012) of the Kyoto
protocol thanks to improvements in the energy efficiency of
products, engines, and industrial processes. Innovations for the
production of low-carbon technologies have improved
agricultural techniques, transportation, and land-use planning
(housing, urban planning, roads and railways, rivers and
maritime activities, air traffic). Similarly, the priorities of
new-construction design are exterior insulation, use of wood
products (which trap carbon), and alternative energy for heating.
Within the framework of environmental approaches to the design
and construction of green buildings, the concept of the “positive
energy building” achieved through insulation remains a critical
preoccupation.
Agriculture and sustainable development
Climate change has permanently altered global agriculture,
threatening food security. Population growth and the emergence
of new countries that are high energy consumers (Brazil, China,
India) have intensified the cultivation of land and increased
industrial production, creating growing amounts of pollution that
further affect agriculture. The appropriation of land for the
production of bioenergy, a relatively new goal of agriculture,
threatens food security and the environment by creating
substantial global imbalances. The major challenge is to ensure
the food security of the poorest populations, which is the focus
of development-oriented research and the design of techniques
and technologies to intensify crop production in an eco-friendly
manner.
2
Designates the amount of carbon, in metric tons, emitted by
an activity or organization. The concept makes it possible to
represent the demands that the burning of fossil fuels make
on the planet. Emissions of carbon dioxide, expressed as
the forest area required to sequester it, accounts for half of
the whole human ecological footprint.
Alternative energy
Alternative energies that emit lower levels of greenhouse gases are
the focus of many French research projects. Energy alternatives
including bioenergy, geothermal energy, thermodynamic heating,
solar (thermal, photovoltaic, concentrated), wind, wave, hydraulic,
and various hydrogen-related forms – are analyzed from the point of
view of their output (yield) and their emissions. Reflecting those
analytical efforts, the nation’s energy research strategy emphasizes
energy efficiency, solar energy, energy storage, biofuels, and forms
of energy derived from the sea. For all such research, meteorology
and climatology are essential disciplines, enabling researchers and
energy companies to better assess available resources and to
optimize combinations of different energy sources on a routine basis.
Meteorological
and climatic expertise
Weather alerts and monitoring maps, as well as many other
types of meteorological and climatological information products
are developed by Météo-France, the French national weather
service. It helps to protect people, property, and the environment
while also decreasing the effect of natural disasters, thanks to
advance warnings and a better understanding of risks.
Meteorological and climatological analyses and forecasts
underpin the design of long-term adaptation strategies covering
a single season or a century using statistical tools and
modeling. Climate signals, such as intraseasonal and
interannual variability, as well as long-term changes, are studied
for their impact on the natural environment, society, and
economically vital topics such as agriculture, forestry, air quality,
public health, and infrastructure, among others. Improving the
accuracy of weather forecasts and developing a better
understanding of climatic mechanisms and of the evolution of
the climate are also priorities of Météo-France.
Through modeling of the climates of yesterday, today, and
tomorrow in France and around the world, including
description of the various components of the planetary system
(atmosphere, oceans, ice caps, vegetation, soils),
meteorologists will be able to refine their diagnostic of the
impact of climate change.
Météo-France :
www.meteofrance.fr>Activités de recherche
The Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM,
national center for meteorological research) is a joint unit of
CNRS (the national center for scientific research) and MétéoFrance with research units in Grenoble, Brest, Francazal
(SAFIRE research aircraft), and Toulouse. Through its affiliation
with the national polytechnic institute at Université de
Toulouse, the CNRM offers doctoral training (ED 173, ED 468).
The organization is a founding member of AllEnvi, the
research alliance for environmental sciences, a platform for
cooperation among French research bodies in the field.
CNRM conducts research involving the observation of
environments (oceanic, atmospheric, snow caps), digital
weather forecasting and climate simulation, the water cycle,
changes in the oceans and atmosphere, atmospheric physical
chemistry, urban meteorology, assimilation (check) and
modeling for digital weather forecasting, and instrumentation.
LCNRM teams participate in the work of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, winner of the 2007 Novel
Peace Prize), the programs of the World Meteorological
Organization, and the European Union’s Horizon 2020
Framework Program for Research and Innovation. The CNRM
also collaborates with the European Centre for Medium-Range
Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) based in Reading, United
Kingdom, which is dedicated to meteorological forecasting
beyond a four-day horizon.
In France, Météo-France benefits from close cooperation
with CERFACS, the European center for research and
advanced training in scientific computing, as well as Mercator
Océan in the field of oceanography and the Observatoire
Midi-Pyrénées.
CNRM-GAME (CNRM research group on the
meteorological atmosphere): www.cnrm.meteo.fr
École nationale de la météorologie (ENM, national school of
meteorology)
The activities of ENM, the education and training arm of the
public agency Météo-France, cover all aspects of education in
meteorology and related fields. ENM offers research master
and engineering programs, as well as short programs in French
and English (e.g., Climatology, foundation for climate services;
Weather forecasting in mid-latitude regions).
A member of the European Computer-Aided Learning
Programme in Meteorology (ECALPRO), ENM produces
e-learning programs, including one on meteorological codes
for use in aeronautics (translated into English and Spanish and
disseminated in more than 80 countries) and designed the first
European meteorology education server on the Internet,
involving 22 meteorological institutions in European 15.
INP Toulouse-ENM Météo France : http://www.enm.meteo.fr
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, the IPCC was set up in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization to produce expert
scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information on the risk of human-induced climate change. Most members of the United
Nations are also members of the IPCC, which assesses and synthesizes research work on the climate carried out in laboratories
throughout the world.
IPCC assessments and special reports: https://www.ipcc.ch>Publications and Data
17 French scientists from universities, the École Polytechnique, Météo-France, CNRS (the French national center for scientific
research), and the CEA (the French atomic energy agency), participated in the compilation of the fifth report of the IPCC.
Published in 2014, the report confirms the acceleration of emissions of greenhouse gases and the need for an energy transition
program. The report describes the various options for keeping the increase in the global temperature to no more than 2ºC so as
to limit the effects of climate change.
List of French authors selected for the fifth IPCC assessment (AR5): www.insu.cnrs.fr/files/auteurs_francais_ar5.pdf
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Strategy for the
environment
and engagement against
climate change
In the 1990’s, France began several air-quality and wastetreatment initiatives. Environmental protection became a national
priority with the creation of the Agence de l’environnement et de
la maîtrise de l’énergie (ADEME, environment and energy
security agency) and the adoption of a national environmental
plan. Under the Kyoto Protocol, France made a commitment to
stabilize, over the period 2008–12, greenhouse gas emissions at
1990 levels. In 2000, the Programme de Lutte contre le
Changement Climatique (PNLCC, program to combat climate
change) made it possible for France to meet its commitment. By
2004, France had made a plan, which was followed in 2007 by
a national environmental task force. Programs that included
renewable forms of energy were incorporated into a master
carbon assessment, which gave rise to regional climate plans.
By 2012, France’s emissions had declined by 12% thanks to the
combination of attenuation measures, including improved
industrial processes, better building insulation, and the use of
renewable energy, among others.
Alliance nationale de recherche pour l’environnement (AllEnvi
national environmental research alliance)
- Food, climate, water, land use
AllEnvi brings together public research efforts to program and
coordinate France’s environmental science strategy, which
emphasizes adaptation to and attenuation of the effects of climate
change. Improving observational data for better climate modeling
is a key part of the Ocean component of the European Global
Monitoring for Environment and Security program. Along with
climate, several other thematic areas take climatology into account
in a cross-cutting way: agroecology and soil, food and food
processing, biodiversity, water, environmental evaluation, oceans
and seas, and risks. http://www.allenvi.fr
Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (ADEME,
environment and energy security agency)
ADEME supports research and development into vehicles,
buildings, new energy technologies, and ways to use alternative
and renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The agency participated in the national climate plan in 2004 and
helped businesses complete their own carbon assessments.
http://www.ademe.fr>Nos expertises>Changement climatique
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CIRAD, agronomic research for development
With a global network of partners in 90 countries, CIRAD
supports project-based research related to the engagement
against climate change: climate change and emerging animal
diseases; climate change and plant health; livestock and climate
change; climate change and food security; payments for
environmental services and climate change; climate change and
strengthening national and local capacity; international
negotiations and national climate policies.
http://www.cirad.fr>Innovation & expertise>Compétences
et expertises>Changement climatique et agriculture
Climat-Environnement-Société (scientific interest group on
climate, environment, and society)
Through its 13 laboratories and the Île-de-France research
federation, the GIS supports and coordinates interdisciplinary
research on climate change and its environmental and social effects.
Work is conducted in the areas of climatology, hydrology, ecology,
economics, health, the social sciences, and the humanities.
Researchers rely on Système Terre (earth system) digital modeling
tools and the Earth observation platforms. The GIS ClimatEnvironnement-Société funds visits from high-level foreign scholars
and researchers. It provides seed funding and support for
interdisciplinary projects that will be integrated with European and
international scientific programs. It also supports communication
and training initiatives in the sciences. http://www.gisclimat.fr
Institut national des sciences de l’Univers (INSU, national
institute of space sciences) - CNRS
INSU, a part of CNRS organizes and structures environmental
research while also providing support for laboratories.
Meteorology and climate, as well as the composition and quality
of air, water, and soils, are subjected to observations at various
levels of time and space, to laboratory and field experiments,
and to modeling to test scenarios and effects for forecasting
purposes.
http://www.insu.cnrs.fr/environnement
Observatoire national sur les effets du réchauffement climatique
(ONERC, national observatory on the effects of global warming)
In 2001, France established a national observatory on the effects
of global warming. The observatory has three major missions:
- To gather and disseminate information, research, and studies
on risks linked to global warming and extreme weather events
- To formulate recommendations concerning measures to
prevent and adapt to climate change
- To dialogue with developing countries to facilitate their energy
transition.
ONERC is France’s official point of contact with the IPCC. Since
2011, ONERC’s website has made available documentation and
research, thus becoming the portal of choice on climate change.
http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/-Impactset-adaptation-ONERC-.html
The European "Climate Action, Environment,
Resource Efficiency, and Raw Materials" challenge
Challenge number 5 of Horizon 2020, the European research and innovation program, is “Climate Action, Environment, Resource
Efficiency, and Raw Materials.” The goal of the challenge is to reconcile global population growth with the planet’s limits in terms
of natural resources and ecosystem balance. The challenge program supports the production of new knowledge and the
development of tools, methods, policies, and eco-innovations. Activities related to climate, environment, and resources figure in
requests for proposals for the Blue Growth program: exploiting the potential of the oceans (bioeconomy challenge), energy
efficiency (energy challenge), and “disaster resilience: protecting and safeguarding society," including in its adaptation to climate
change (security challenge).
http://www.horizon2020.gouv.fr
Climate-KIC
Climate-KIC is one of the operational branches of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the French office of
which is in Paris. It aims to increase incentives mitigating and adapting to climate change by co-financing innovative
technologies, startups, risk-management measures, and specialized training programs. Climate-KIC has centers in Berlin,
Paris, London, Randstad (Netherlands), and Zurich, as well as a network in six European regions.
http://eit.europa.eu/eit-community/ climate-kic
The French partners of Climate-KIC include manufacturers (GDF Suez and 12 others), research and training centers (CEA,
INRA, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, and nine other institutions), and
five public agencies and nongovernmental organizations.
http://www.climate-kic.org
http://eit.europa.eu
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Doctoral
Departments
• Environments-Health - ED 554
http://www.ecoledoctoralee2s.com
Located at Université de Bourgogne, the Center for Research
in Climatology (CRC) is a research team embedded within the
CNRS joint research unit on Biogeosciences (unit 6262) that
performs research on the detection, attribution, of climate signs
and their current and future effects. The center’s activity is largely
centered on the problem of the regionalization of the climate as
observed and modeled.
http://climatologie.u-bourgogne.fr
• Life sciences and the humanities - ED 227
http://www.mnhn.fr/fr/enseignement-formation/
enseignement-superieur/ecole-doctorale
LOCEAN (laboratory of oceanography and climate: digital
approaches and experimentation) is a multi-organizational
research unit affiliated with the doctoral department on life
sciences and the humanities (doctoral department 227) at the
National Museum of Natural History and the Université Pierre et
Marie Curie-Paris 6. LOCEAN studies the processes of oceanic
variability and their interactions with climatic variability, vertical
mixing, and internal waves (up to and including those of
planetary movements). Research efforts are aimed at expanding
our knowledge of ocean dynamics and their impact on climate
change and the earth’s major chemical components, particularly
carbon in its inorganic and organic forms and in connection with
biogeochemical cycles.
https://www.locean-ipsl.upmc.fr
• Multidisciplinary doctoral department - ED 260
http://www.univ-ag.fr>Recherche>École Doctorale
Embedded within Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, the
host team on adaptation, tropical climate, exercise, and health
(ACTES) fosters multidisciplinary knowledge on adaptation to
exercise in tropical settings, notably in the Caribbean, from the
double perspective of performance and health. One direction of
research is human’s adaptation to tropical climate’s.
http://calamar.univ-ag.fr/uag/staps/actes/index.html
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• MIPEGE (modeling and instrumentation in physics,
energy, geosciences, and the environment) - ED 534
http://www.ed-mipege.u-psud.fr
LSCE (the laboratory of environmental and climate sciences)
is a joint research unit of the CNRS (CNRS unit 8212), the French
atomic energy commission, and Université de Versailles SaintQuentin (UVSQ). Located on two sites (Saclay and
Gif-sur-Yvette), it is affiliated with two doctoral departments: SEIF
(Île-de-France environmental sciences, regional doctoral
department 129) for environmental and climate sciences; and
MIPEGE (modeling and instrumentation in physics, energy,
geosciences, and the environment (doctoral department 534 at
Université Paris Sud) for earth sciences. LSCE analyzes the
evolution of climate over all time horizons so as to predict the
major changes that will confront our planet in the coming
decades. The laboratory’s research efforts are organized into
four scientific themes: climate dynamics and records;
atmospheric composition and surface fluxes; climate modeling
and biogeochemical cycles; and environmental transfers and
tracers. These themes are complemented by the study of
human-climate-environment interactions.
http://www.lsce.ipsl.fr
• SEIF (Île-de-France environmental sciences) - ED 129
http://www.ed129.upmc.fr
Dedicated to the environmental and climate sciences, SEIF
covers multidisciplinary fields linked to understanding of the
physical, chemical, and biological equilibrium of the earth’s
environment. Research topics include the climate and its
variations at all scales of time and space, the dynamics and
thermodynamics of the atmosphere and ocean, the functioning
of the continental and marine biospheres, biogeochemical
cycles, and the physical chemistry of air, water, and soil pollution.
• SDU2E (sciences of the universe, space, and the
environment) - ED 173 - http://sdu2e.obs-mip.fr
Made up of a dozen laboratories, SDU2E and the CNRS
collaborate on climatology research at the National Center for
Meteorological Research (CNRM/GAME) of Météo France, the
French national weather service. Research topics go beyond
meteorology to embrace atmospheric chemistry, oceanography,
and surface hydrology, among others. CNRM-GAME is
organized into five research groups: study of the meteorological
atmosphere; experimental and instrumental meteorology; largescale and climatic meteorology; mid-scale meteorology; and
modeling for comparison and forecasting.
http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr
Laboratories
and research teams
Campagne BBLAST à Lannemezan - Ballon captif
Crédit photo : Pascal Taburet - Météo-France
CEREGE (European center for research and teaching
in environmental geosciences) - https://www.cerege.fr
Based in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille, CEREGE is a joint unit
(UM 34) of Université Aix-Marseille, the CNRS, and the French
national institute for development research, in partnership with
the Collège de France. CEREGE’s seven multidisciplinary teams
cover several different research areas, among them the
dynamics of major climate cycles at the global scale and
environmental variability and its impacts on ecosystems.
CLIMOR (paleoclimatic core sampling: high resolution
and innovations) - http://climcor-equipex.dt.insu.cnrs.fr
CLIMCOR studies past environmental and climatic changes
using specialized technologies. A recipient of the French
national Investissements d’avenir–Équipements d’excellence
(investments in the future / facilities of excellence) program,
CLIMCOR studies the climatic records of recent millennia
deposited in marine and continental sediments and ice. The
project is based on the construction of three new core samplers
that improve the quality of collected samples and the ability to
analyze climate variations over very short intervals of time.
IPSL (center for climate modeling of the Institut Pierre
Simon Laplace) - http://icmc.ipsl.fr
The purpose of IPSL’s center for climate modeling is to study the
earth’s climate in its physical, chemical, and biogeochemical
aspects. The center’s modeling teams study the components of
the climate system (atmosphere, ocean, continental surfaces,
ice cover) and their links. Their research is related to climatic
variability and change.
LCRE (laboratory of climatology, risk, and
environment) - http://lcre.univ-lyon3.fr
Located at Université Jean Moulin-Lyon 3, LCRE pursues
research along several axes: general atmospheric dynamics;
weather and climate dynamics in tropical, temperate, and polar
zones; applied climatology (topoclimatology and urban
climatology) and climate change; and weather dynamics.
LGGE (laboratory glaciology and environmental
geophysics) - http://lgge.osug.fr
Housed at Université Joseph Fourier in Grenoble, LGGE is
organized into five research teams: climates past, present, and
projected; atmospheric chemistry, snow, and ice; flow dynamics
and deformational physics of ice masses; the cryosphere, the
hydrosphere, and mountain climates; multiscale modeling of
oceanic flows.
LMD (laboratory of dynamic meteorology)
http://www.lmd.jussieu.fr
A mixed research unit operating on three university sites (École
Polytechnique, École Normale Supérieure, and Université Pierre
et Marie Curie), LMD studies the climate, pollution, and planetary
atmospheres by combining theoretical approaches and
innovative instruments for observation and digital modeling.
Campagne Hymex les 25/26 novembre 2012 à Montpellier
Crédit photo : Pascal Taburet - Météo-France
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Useful links
• Airparif, air pollution in Île-de-France:
http://www.airparif.asso.fr
• France’s water authorities: http://www.lesagencesdeleau.fr
• Geoïdd interactive map (France and coastlines),
observation service, and statistics from the Ministry
of Ecology, Sustainable Development, and Energy:
http://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/
cartographie/750.html
• ANCRE, the national coordinating alliance for energy
research: http://www.allianceenergie.fr
• ANR, national research agency:
http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr
• INSU, national institute of space sciences:
http://www.insu.cnrs.fr
• Bilan GES, resource center on greenhouse gas
assessments: http://www.bilans-ges.ademe.fr
• IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:
http://www.ipcc.ch
• CDC climate research:
http://www.cdcclimat.com/CDC-Climat-Recherche.html
• La Recherche, climatology archives:
http://www.larecherche.fr/savoirs/climatologie
• CEPMMT, European center for medium-term forecasting:
http://www.ecmwf.int
• MAEDI, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International
Development:
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr>Politique étrangère
de la France>Environnement et développement durable
• CERFACS, European center for research and advanced
training in scientific computation: http://www.cerfacs.fr
• CESE, economic, social, and environmental council:
http://www.lecese.fr
• MEDDE, Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development,
and Energy: http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr>
Énergie, air et climat
• Key climate figures for France and the world 2014:
http://www.cdcclimat.com>Publications
• Climate-KIC, a European project at the FCS
Campus-Saclay: http://www.climate-kic.org
• Mercator Océan, ocean analysis and forecasting:
http://www.mercator-ocean.fr
• CLIM-RUN Project 2011–2014): http://www.climrun.eu
• OMP, Observatoires Midi-Pyrénées: http://www.obs-mip.fr
• Club CO2, carbon capture, storage, and trading:
http://www.captage-stockage-valorisation-co2.fr
• ONEMA, national office on water and aquatic milieus:
http://www.onema.fr
• CNRM, national center for meteorological research:
http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr
• ONERC, national observatory on the effects of global
warming: http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Impacts-et-adaptation-ONERC-.html
• COP21, 2015 Paris Climate Conference:
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr>Politique étrangère
de la France>Environnement et développement durable
• RAC-FR, climate action network in France:
http://www.rac-f.org
• Energy and climate research challenges:
http://www.cea.fr/energie/energies-climatles-defis-de-la-recherche
• Research newsletter of the scientific interest group
on climate, the environment, and society:
http://www.gisclimat.fr>Nos activités>Diffusion scientifique
• Energy and climate, observations and statistics, Ministry
of Ecology, Sustainable Development, and Energy:
http://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr>
Énergies et climat
• Sagascience, a collection of multimedia files
from CNRS on climate issues and topics:
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/saga.htm
• Scientific interest group on climate, environment,
and society: http://www.gisclimat.fr
• Energy and climate package implemented by France
(syntheses): http://www.ccomptes.fr/Publications/Publications/
La-mise-en-aeuvre-par-la-France-du-Paquet-energie-climat
• UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change: https://unfccc.int
• ENM Météo/INP Toulouse : http://www.enm.meteo.fr
• Volatils, earth, atmosphere, and interactions
from the Voltaire laboratory of excellence:
http://www.univ-orleans.fr/investissements-avenir/voltaire
• European Institute of Innovation and Technology,
KIC-Climat: http://eit.europa.eu/eit-community/climate-kic
• Evolution of the climate and the oceans, articles
by Édouard Bard of the Collège de France:
http://www.college-de-france.fr/site/
edouard-bard/travaux__1.htm
• WMO, World Meteorological Organization—Weather,
Climate, Water: http://www.wmo.int
• WCRP, World Climate Research Programme:
http://www.wcrp-climate.org
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