* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Lesson 3
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Genetic drift wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacogenomics wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Heritability of IQ wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Behavioural genetics wikipedia , lookup
Genetic testing wikipedia , lookup
Medical genetics wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Lesson 3 Heredity and Genetics Family members often share a strong physical resemblance. What inherited characteristics are visible in this family? Lesson 3 Lesson Objectives In this lesson, you’ll learn to: Explain the significance of genetics and its role in fetal development. Identify common genetic disorders. Explain how genetic research and technology has impacted the health status of families and individuals with genetic disorders. Lesson 3 Heredity Inheriting Traits No two individuals are exactly alike. Even identical twins have some differences. Heredity is a significant factor that influences the way an individual develops. Some traits that you inherit from your parents are your eye and hair color. Environment can also influence inherited traits. Lesson 3 Heredity Chromosomes and Genes Most cells of your body contain a nucleus—the cell’s control center. Inside each nucleus is a set of chromosomes. Most cells in the body contain 46 chromosomes arranged as 23 pairs. Sections of chromosomes, called genes, carry codes for specific traits. Like chromosomes, genes occur in pairs. One gene from each pair is inherited from each parent. Lesson 3 Heredity DNA All living things are made of DNA. Chemical compounds, called bases, make up the structure of DNA. The order of the bases is called the genetic code. Cells use the genetic code to make proteins. Unless you have an identical twin, your DNA is different from that of any other person. Lesson 3 Genetics and Fetal Development Dominant and Recessive Genes At least one pair of genes is responsible for each human trait. Some genes are dominant, and others are recessive. The traits of dominant genes generally appear in offspring whenever they are present. The traits of recessive genes usually appear only when dominant genes are not present. Lesson 3 Genetics and Fetal Development Genes and Gender In humans, one pair of chromosomes determines the gender of an individual. If you are female, these two chromosomes look exactly alike and are called X chromosomes. If you are male, the two chromosomes differ—one is shorter than the other and is called a Y chromosome. Lesson 3 Genetics and Fetal Development Genetic Makeup Sperm contain an X or a Y chromosome. Eggs have only an X chromosome. The gender of a child is determined by which type of sperm—X or Y—unites with an egg. Lesson 3 Genetic Disorders Mutation Sometimes the genes that an individual inherits contain a mutation, or abnormality, in the base sequence of the genetic code. Often the mutation has little or no effect on the individual, but sometimes the mutation can result in defects or other health problems. Some genetic disorders, such as those that cause birth defects, are apparent right away. Lesson 3 Genetic Disorders Common Human Genetic Disorders Lesson 3 Genetic Disorders Test for Genetic Disorders Two common technologies used to test for genetic disorders are: 1. Amniocentesis 2. Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) Lesson 3 Genetic Disorders Genetic Counseling Research for diagnosing, preventing, and treating genetically related diseases has resulted in a wide variety of programs. Genetic counselors can advise families about the probability of having a child with a genetically related disease. They also can guide families of children with genetic disorders about possible treatment options. Lesson 3 Genetic Research to Cure Disease Gene Therapy When the defective gene is replaced with a normal one using the gene therapy, the cells with the new gene begin to make the missing substance. The practice of placing fragments of DNA from one organism into another is called genetic engineering, and it is considered highly experimental. Genetic diseases for which scientists are researching gene therapies include cystic fibrosis and various types of cancer. Lesson 3 Genetic Research to Cure Disease Genetically Engineered Drugs Genes used to treat disease aren’t usually inserted directly into human beings. Instead they are placed into other organisms, causing them to produce substances that can be used to treat human diseases and disorders. Genetically produced medicines include treatments for burns and ulcers, growth defects, and ovarian and breast cancers. Factor VIII medicines treat hemophilia. Genetic engineering also is used to produce some vaccines that prevent diseases. Lesson 3 Quick Review Choose the appropriate option. Q. The passing of traits from parents to their children is called _________. 1. heredity 2. DNA 3. genes 4. genetic disorder Lesson 3 Quick Review - Answer A. The passing of traits from parents to their children is called heredity. Click Next to attempt another question. Lesson 3 Quick Review Provide a short answer to the question given below. Q. Name three human genetic disorders. Click Next to view the answer. Lesson 3 Quick Review - Answer A. Some human genetic disorders are: Sickle-cell anemia Tay-Sachs disease Cystic fibrosis Down syndrome Hemophilia Phenylketonuria (PKU) Click Next to attempt another question. Lesson 3 Quick Review Provide a short answer to the question given below. Q. Explain the difference between amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling (CVS). Click Next to view the answer. Lesson 3 Quick Review - Answer A. Amniocentesis is a procedure in which a syringe is inserted through a pregnant female’s abdominal wall into the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing fetus. Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) is a procedure in which a small piece of membrane is removed from the chorion, a layer of tissue that develops into the placenta. Click Next to attempt another question. Lesson 3 Quick Review Analyze the following question. Explain the significance of genetics and its role in fetal development. Lesson 3 Quick Review - Answer A. Correct! The passing of traits from parents to their children is called heredity. Click Next to attempt another question. Lesson 3 Quick Review - Answer You have answered the question incorrectly. Go back to try again, or click Next to view the correct answer. Lesson 3 Heredity Inheriting Traits No two individuals are exactly alike. Even identical twins have some differences. Heredity is a significant factor that influences the way an individual develops. Thethat passing Some traits you inherit from your parents are your eye and traits from hair of color. parents to their children iscan called Environment also influence inherited traits. heredity. Lesson 3 Heredity Chromosomes and Genes Most cells of your body contain a nucleus—the cell’s control center. Inside each nucleus is a set of chromosomes. A chromosome is Most cells in the body contain 46 chromosomes arranged as a threadlike structure 23 pairs. found within the nucleus of a cell that Sections of chromosomes, called genes, carry codes for carries the code for specific traits. inherited traits. Like chromosomes, genes occur in pairs. One gene from each pair is inherited from each parent. Lesson 3 Heredity Chromosomes and Genes Most cells of your body contain a nucleus—the cell’s control center. Inside each nucleus is a set of chromosomes. A gene is the basic Most cells in the body contain 46 chromosomes unit ofarranged as 23 pairs. heredity. Sections of chromosomes, called genes, carry codes for specific traits. Like chromosomes, genes occur in pairs. One gene from each pair is inherited from each parent. Lesson 3 Heredity DNA All living things are made of DNA. Chemical compounds, called bases, or make up the structureDNA, of DNA. deoxyribonucleic chemical The order of the acid, basesisisthe called the unit that up genetic code. Cells use themakes genetic chromosomes. code to make proteins. Unless you have an identical twin, your DNA is different from that of any other person. Lesson 3 Genetic Disorders Mutation Sometimes the genes that an individual inherits contain a A genetic mutation, or abnormality, in the base sequence of the disorder is a genetic code. disorder caused partly or Often the mutation has little or no effect on the individual, completely by a but sometimes the mutation can result in defects or other defect in genes. health problems. Some genetic disorders, such as those that cause birth defects, are apparent right away. Lesson 3 Genetic Disorders Test for Genetic Disorders Two common technologies used to test for genetic disorders are: 1. Amniocentesis 2. Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) Amniocentesis is a procedure in which a syringe is inserted through a pregnant female’s abdominal wall into the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing fetus. Lesson 3 Genetic Disorders Test for Genetic Disorders Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) is a Two common technologies used to test for genetic procedure in which a small disorders are: piece of membrane is removed from the chorion, 1. Amniocentesis a layer of tissue that develops into the placenta. 2. Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) Lesson 3 Genetic Research to Cure Disease Gene Therapy When the defective gene is replaced with a normal one using the gene therapy, the cells with the new gene begin to make the missing substance. Gene fragments therapy of DNA from one organism The practice of placing process of engineering, and it is considered into anotherisisthe called genetic inserting normal highly experimental. genes into human Genetic diseases forcorrect which scientists are researching gene cells to therapies include cystic fibrosis and various types of cancer. genetic disorders.