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Title of Lesson: Biotechnology And Biomedical Engineering Grade level / course: High School Objectives / Concepts Lesson Abstract: Students will learn about Cells, DNA, genes, and their function through a hands-on demonstration about simple DNA extraction from a common item using simple chemicals and programmed simulations. Also they will learn about applications of these concepts by learning about Gene cloning using Bacteria. Standards Addressed: NA Objectives: Students will understand DNA, genes, and expression, as well as the structure of DNA and a way that bacteria are used for gene cloning in Biomedical Engineering. Prerequisite knowledge: Prior to this lesson, students must be able to: Calculate using basic operations Perform basic mouse manipulations such as point, click and drag Use a browser for experimenting with the activities Teacher preparation: Make sets of required ingredients for the lab set up, each selfcontained so that the students don’t spill. Pre blend onions? Required Materials (What and how much) Bicycle pump Plastic tubing Ballons Water Soda/Water bottles with a hole for the tubing Media (software, websites, overhead, transparencies, video, etc) Internet access PowerPoint (instructor) Equipment (computer, display, OHP, VCR, etc) Projector Computers Safety (Precautions and reminders) Watch students to make sure they follow instructions with handling the experiment at the end of the lesson, be careful with the isopropyl alcohol. Time IceBreaker 9:00-9:10 Presentation Outline Event Overview/Lesson Preview Cosmic Voyage Video Clip. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxXf7AJZ73A&feature=related Building blocks are simple materials used in the construction of larger, more complex objects For living things, the smallest unit of life is cell. In relation to the size of our world and the size of the universe, they are specks within specks within specks, but they are still the foundation for life. Introduction: The cell is the basic building block of life All living things from bacteria, to fish, to trees are made up of at least one cell. DNA, Genes, The cell is made up of its own “organs” called organelles. Animal and Plant cells are the two Cells, and major kinds of cells, and differ by their organelles. Let’s look at some examples of them. the Body Cell Wall (plant): Hard wall around plant cells that protects them in addition to their cell membrane, but prevents them from moving easily. 9:10-9:30 Cell membrane (both): Layer of fatty molecules that allow in nutrients and serves as a barrier from things that aren’t wanted or are harmful (i.e. sickness). Cytoplasm (both): Watery, gel-like fluid that fills the cell. Nutrients are dissolved here and it holds all organelles. It also supports some needed chemical reactions, like glycolysis which helps mitochondria with aerobic respiration for energy production. Vacuoles (both): Membrane pockets throughout the cell used for storage. Plant cells generally have one large vacuole at the center of their cell, while animal cells have, if any, small ones scattered throughout the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum (both): Organelle that is used to transport new organelles, proteins, etc. around the cell, especially from nucleus to cell membrane or cytoplasm; Made up of rough and smooth section, rough being lined with ribosomes to produce proteins. Ribosome (both): organelle that is found throughout the cytoplasm of cells, used in protein production. They are small factories where RNA is sent with code to be read for protein production. This code tells molecules called tRNA to gather amino acids (components of proteins) to build the proteins or organelles. Mitochondria (both): Organelle that uses a chemical process to generate energy for the cell. They are like a power plant for the cell and use sugar to make a molecule used to supply energy to reactions that the cell needs. Golgi Body (both): Organelle that seals proteins in pockets of membrane for storage, sorting, or other processes. Looks like the Endoplasmic Reticulum, but it is different i function. Chloroplasts (Plant): Organelles used by plants for photosynthesis, which creates sugars to be used to make energy. Are the reason plants’ leaves look green, the chlorophyll in the inner structures (called Thylakoids) that is used to trigger photosynthesis gives them the green color. Lysosome (both): Small membrane sack that contains enzymes and chemicals for “trash disposal”; dismantles proteins and waste that is brought to it. The way certain white blood cells fight infections is by eating the bacteria, virus, fungus, etc and then dumping them into these to destroy them. Continue to add to this list as needed or wanted Nucleus (both): Organelle with a double membrane like the cell membrane. It holds th DNA of the cell, organizes protein production with mRNA, which leaves the nucleus through holes in the membrane. When a cell divides, the DNA becomes bundled up into chromosomes. DNA and Extraction Simulation 9:30-9:55 Discuss DNA and it’s structure o Introduce the building blocks of DNA Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine are nucleotides and make up our genes. They pair A with T and C with G. Reading one side of the DNA for the code - and reversing the other – gives the code for the types of proteins the cells are supposed to make for each gene, which is how our genes are expressed. RNA is used as a reader for the DNA and a messenger of its codes to the ribosomes for protein production. It has the same nucleotides as DNA, except that Thymine is replaced with Uracil. Used to make needed proteins in the cell as well as for on organelle production where an accumulation of proteins are the combined into the organelles that the cell needs. Introduce the Sim: Load page and explain. o DNA Can be extracted from everything, as you have seen in your classes. We’ do this virtually now o Follow steps @ http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/DNA_extraction.html o Commands for the program: A to cut the onion, S to blend the onion, D to Add a Salt/Detergent solution, F to add Isopropyl Alcohol, G to add DNA Buffer/Meat Tenderizer Sol., BREAK H to filter the beaker's contents, and J to transfer 2ml of the solution. o Make sure to add the right amounts of solution, or the Sim resets, because if you did this in real life, you wouldn’t be able to see the DNA at the end. Resume the Sim after each text box comes up; it pauses. BREAK!!! 9:55-10:10 Bacteria and Introduce Bacteria: Plant and Animal cells are from a type of cell called Eukaryotes, but there are also Gene Bacteria which are from a type of cells that are called Prokaryotic. Cloning Bacteria have a few types of behaviors: there are those that eat other cells, those that Intro produce their own food and have something like benign symbiosis (like Lactobacillus in our intestines), and those that are Pathogens that cause problems by producing 10:10 – toxins that hurt organisms in their surroundings. 10:40 Bacteria lack most organelles, like a nucleus, and they have both a cell wall and membrane. They have plasmids, small loops of genes that are separate from the rest of the Bacterial chromosome. Bacteria have the abilities to take in bits of DNA left around them, like loose plasmids and add it to their own genetic code, thus allowing them to mutate quickly. Introduce the beginning of Gene Cloning: We can use the mutation abilities of Bacteria to change their behaviors, thus making them useful tools. By using altered plasmids (called “vectors”), we can change a bacteria to become a factory for proteins for things like insulin or antibiotics, or we can use it to make copies of genes that we want. Show video of the process: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acKWdNj936o Use Program to reinforce the ideas introduced in discussion. Walk students through th process: o Explain the Controls: Use A to insert plasmids, S to change to the first solution, and D to change to the last solution. o Explain the process: Slow down the timing Insert plasmids. Some bacteria will take in plasmids, some will not. Move bacteria to the new solution. Bacteria without plasmids will die, those with will make copies of themselves. Move bacteria to the final solution. The insulin gene in these plasmids will cause the bacteria to produce insulin. Explain applications for medicine: Making Antibiotics What is BME? Blood Vessel Demo 10:40-11:00 What is BME? Blood Vessel Demo 11:00-11:50 See Cornell’s Doc for more information on procedures. Introduce with demo about arteries and heart function. Fill a soda bottle that has holes in the cap with water, connect tubing, one set with a balloon “capillary,” one of just tubing, connect tubes to bottles with holes in top, feeding tube through until it reaches the water below. Explain how having a flexible blood vessel allows for constant pressure in the blood stream, making better blood flow possible. When the tubing (inflexible blood vessels) is used, blood flow is reduced (air acts as blood, bubbles in water shows “blood pressure,” and that blood is flowing. Demonstrate by pumping air through respective tube tracks Talk to students about what BME is: Read definitions, explain with simpler meanings Describe specific examples of BME practices: o Medical Imaging Includes researching better methods of using imaging technology for medical treatment and diagnosis. Also deals with researching better imaging technology and methods to improve the practice, such as for Cancer diagnosis. Video 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12ZD9Kuga7k Video 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCrETR1LjgU&feature=relmfu o Prosthetics, Orthotics, and Implants: Includes designing prosthetic limbs for amputees and those born without those limbs. Can design implants like ear and eye implants to help improve someon with impaired vision or hearing Show Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=fvwrel&v=ppILwXws Mng Video 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDD7Ohs5tAk Video 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmNpP2fr57A o Pharmaceutical Research and Development Includes developing new medicines, like working with vaccines (Pharmaceutical Engineering). For our purposes, also refers to tissue engineering (making tissue from small amounts of cells) and genetic engineering (working with gene manipulation, such as engineering plague-resistant crops). Video 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8GZ3Wmm9Ps Video 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-hBh8o5MNU News: http://www.dukehealth.org/health_library/news/new-breast-cancer-drug-halts-tumorgrowth-better-than-standard-therapy Reflections 11:50-12:00 What is the basic building block of life? What are the two types of cells? What kind of cell ha almost no organelles? What are some types of organelles in a cell? Which one holds DNA? Which one serves as an energy producer? What are some plant cell organelles that aren’t in animal cells? What makes up DNA? What does DNA do? What is a Gene? How can Bacteria be used to clone Genes? Why would this be something important? Assessments Pre assessment: Formative Assessment: Summative Assessment (if applicable): Bibliography Footnoted list of resources used in support of the lesson