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FUNCTION FINDERS Discover how DNA sequences code for proteins with different roles and functions yourgenome.org THE CODON WHEEL - Start from the centre and move outwards Example: CAT = H (Histidine) yourgenome.org FUNCTION FINDERS ANSWERS Amino acid sequence Protein name Function M K S AI LT G L L F V Antifreeze protein type III Prevents fish freezing in icy seawater. 2 MSKGEELFTGVV Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Used by jellyfish to communicate, also used as a marker in genetic engineering to indicate when genes have been inserted. 3 ENMENDENIVYG Luciferase Used by fireflies to create light in a process called bioluminescence. 4 G W A L R I M F L H LY Odorant receptor protein OR1 Receptor used by mosquitoes to detect the smell of sweat. 5 MEL AAL C RW GLL HER1 A molecular switch which turns cell division ‘on’ or ‘off’. 1 yourgenome.org FUNCTION FINDERS ANSWERS Amino acid sequence Protein name Function 6 PG EN LC YR K M W C Alphabungarotoxin Snake venom. 7 P R E I Q T AV R L L L Histone H2B Used to wind up DNA so it can be condensed into chromosomes. 8 P G G E K E T S AT Q R Mucin-1 Forms a protective film on the surface of cell in our bodies e.g. those lining the intestines and throat. 9 EKRKLFIRSM Caspase 1 Destroys cellular proteins which leads to cell death (apoptosis). 10 MSSDSEMAIF Myosin 1 Makes muscles move. yourgenome.org 1. ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN TYPE III Sequence M K S A I L T G L L F V Prevents fish such as the Atlantic wolffish freezing in icy seawater. What other organisms may use antifreeze proteins? DOAA, Wikimedia commons How can this protein be relevant to us? yourgenome.org 2. GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN Sequence M S K G E E L F T G V V Used by organisms such as jellyfish (Aequorea victoria) to communicate. It can also be used as a marker for successful genetic manipulation to indicate when genes have been inserted into cells. S. Roy, Wellcome Images Why is this protein relevant to us? yourgenome.org 3. LUCIFERASE Sequence E N M E N D E N I V Y G Produced by fireflies to attract a mate through a process called bioluminescence. Which other organisms use bioluminescence? Why is this protein relevant to us? Antfarmer, Wikimedia commons yourgenome.org 4. ODORANT RECEPTOR PROTEIN OR1 Sequence G W A L R I M F L H L Y Used by mosquitoes to detect human sweat. Why is this protein relevant? m k ,W v lp c ia d fo trs n e C yourgenome.org 5. HER2 Sequence M E L A A L C R W G L L Acts like a “molecular switch”, instructing cells when to divide and when not to divide. Why is this protein relevant to us? s g Ia m o lc e W yourgenome.org 6. ALPHA-BUNGAROTOXIN Sequence P G E N L C Y R K M W C Causes muscle paralysis. This toxic snake venom is produced by the many-banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus). Why is this protein relevant? Skink Chen, Flickr yourgenome.org 7. HISTONE H2B Sequence P R E I Q T A V R L L L Acts as a scaffold for DNA so it can be condensed into chromosomes. Why is this protein relevant to us? Paul Dixon yourgenome.org 8. MUCIN-1 Sequence P G G E K E T S A T Q R Forms a protective film on the surfaces of cells in our bodies, e.g. those lining the intestines and throat. Why is this protein relevant? Michela Schaeppi, Wellcome Images yourgenome.org 9. CASPASE 1 Sequence E K R K L F I R S M G E Destroys cellular proteins; this leads to cell death (apoptosis). Why is this protein relevant? Paul Martin, Wellcome Images yourgenome.org 10. MYOSIN 1 Sequence M S S D S E M A I F G E A molecular machine that makes muscle fibres contract by binding to and pulling another protein scaffold. Why is this protein relevant to us? Paul Foot, Wikimedia commons yourgenome.org