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REVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
____What happens to electrons as they are transported along the electron transport
chain?
a) they lose energy
b) the gain energy
c) they are pumped into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial
membranes
d) they combine with O2 and protons to form water
____The electron transport chain is driven by two products of the Krebs cyclea) oxaloacetic acid and citric acid
c) NADH and FADH2
b) H2O and CO2
d) acetyl CoA and ATP
____In the first step of aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid from glycolysis produces
CO2, NADH, H+, and
a) citric acid
b) acetyl CoA
c) oxaloacetic acid
d) lactic acid
____Energy is released from ATP when the bond is broken between
a) two phosphate groups
c) ribose and a phosphate group
b) adenine and ribose
d) adenine and a phosphate group
____Glycolysis uses energy from two molecules of ATP but forms ___ molecules of
ATP.
a) two
b) three
c) four
d) eight
____Which is produced in the aerobic breakdown of a glucose molecule?
a) water
b) oxygen
c) light
d) alcohol
____An important molecule generated by both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation
is
a) ATP
b) NADH
c) CO2
d) NAD+
____The Net Number of ATP molecules made directly by glycolysis is
a) 2
b) 6
c) 32
d) 38
____Which of the following is Not a product of the Krebs cycle
a) ATP
b) ethyl alcohol
c) CO2
d) FADH2
____By accepting electrons and protons, the oxygen used in aerobic respiration turns
into
a) CO2
b) H2O
c) C6H12O6
d) ATP
____The term "aerobic" in aerobic processes means the process requires
a) ATP
b) oxygen
c) carbon monoxide
d) lactic acid
____The anaerobic process of splitting glucose and forming two molecules of pyruvic
acid is called
a) fixation
b) fermentation
c) lactic acid
d) glycolysis
____In the _______ acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon molecule to form a 6carbon molecule.
a) Krebs cycle b) electron transport chain
c) Calvin cycle d) thylakoid
membranes
____The process by which food molecules are broken down to release energy is
called
a) fermentation
b) respiration
c) transpiration
d) digestion
____The two end products of alcoholic fermentation are
a) ethyl alcohol and pyruvic acid
c) carbon dioxide and glucose
b) ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
d) pyruvic acid and glucose
____Lactic acid fermentation forms lactic acid from
a) carbon dioxide
b) pyruvic acid
c) sodium hydroxide
acid
d) citric
____The anaerobic pathways provide enough energy to meet all of the energy needs
of
a) all organisms
c) all unicellular and most multicellular
organisms
b) no organisms
d) many unicellular and some multicellular
organisms
____Glycolysis takes place
a) in the cytosol
b) in the mitochondria
c) only if oxygen is present
d) only if oxygen is absent
____The process of glycolysis and anaerobic pathways is called
a) aerobic respiration
b) fermentation
c) glycolysis
d) cytosol
____The product of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid is
a) NAD+
b) kilocalorie
c) citric acid
d) fermentation
____The location of electron transport chain in prokaryotes
a) cytosol
b) mitochondria
c) nucleus
d) cell membrane
____Yeast produce alcohol and CO2 in the process of
a) lactic acid fermentation
c) alcoholic fermentation
b) aerobic respiration
d) glycolysis
____What is the process by which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid
a) electron transport
b) aerobic respiration
c) glycolysis
photosynthesis
d)
____During glycolysis, glucose is
a) produced from two molecules of pyruvic acid
b) converted into two molecules of ATP
c) partially broken down and some of its stored energy is released
d) partially broken down and its stored energy is increased
____The electron transport chain of aerobic respiration
a) generates O2 from H2O
b) produces NADH by chemiosmosis
c) pumps electrons into the mitochondrial matrix
d) pumps protons into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial
membranes
____In cellular respiration, the most energy is transferred in which step?
a) glycolysis
b) electron transport chain
c) Krebs cycle
fermentation
d)
____What is the Krebs cycle?
a) the second phase of anaerobic respiration
b) the first phase of aerobic respiration
c) the second phase of aerobic respiration
d) the third phase of anaerobic respiration
____The conversion of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and ethanol is called
a) lactic acid fermentation b) alcoholic fermentation c) gasohol conversion
d) glycolysis
____The release of energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen is called
a) lactic acid fermentation
c) aerobic respiration
b) alcoholic fermentation
d) anaerobic respiration
____Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation produce
a) a two-carbon molecule from a six-carbon molecule
b) CO2 from a three-carbon molecule
c) ATP from ADP and phosphate
d) NAD+ from NADH and H+
____In alcoholic fermentation, ethyl alcohol is produced from
a) NAD+
b) NADH
c) lactic acid
d) pyruvic acid
____A reactant in glycolysis is
a) ethyl alcohol
b) glucose
c) pyruvic acid
d) lactic acid
____The Krebs cycle
a) breaks down a two-carbon molecule into two molecules of CO2
b) produces a six-carbon molecule from six molecules of CO2
c) produces NAD+ from NADH and H+
d) generates most of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration
____The breakdown of organic compounds to produce ATP is known as
a) cellular respiration
c) alcoholic fermentation
b) lactic acid fermentation
d) photosynthesis
____Glycolysis begin with glucose and produces
a) PGAL
b) lactic acid
c) acetyl CoA
d) pyruvic acid
____The starting substance of the Krebs cycle, which is regenerated at the end of the
cycle, is
a) acetyl CoA
b) pyruvic acid
c) oxaloacetic acid
d) citric
acid
____The efficiency of glycolysis is approximately
a) 0.35 %
b) 3.5 %
c) 35 %
d) 350 %
____Processes that occur in the absence of oxygen are said to be
a) aerobic
b) acidic
c) mitochondria
d) anaerobic
____In the first step of aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid binds to a molecule called
a) acetyl-CoA
b) NADH
c) ATP
d) coenzyme A
(CoA)
____The breakdown of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen is called
a) glycolysis
b) fermentation
c) aerobic respiration
d) anaerobic
respiration
____Which of the following is an electron acceptor?
a) cytosol
b) NAD+
c) citric acid
d) cell membrane
____The first pathway of cellular respiration is called
a) fermentation
b) aerobic respiration
c) glycolysis
respiration
d) anaerobic
____Which of the following is a unit of energy?
a) kilocalorie
b) cytosol
c) glycolysis
d) NAD+
____The breakdown product of glucose that diffuses into the mitochondrial matrix for
further breakdown is
a) acetyl CoA
b) pyruvic acid
c) oxaloacetic acid
d) citric acid
____The energy efficiency of aerobic respiration (including glycolysis) is
approximately
a) 7 %
b) 50 %
c) 66 %
d) 100 %
____Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen is called
a) fermentation
b) anaerobic respiration
c) glycolysis
respiration
____In the presence of oxygen _____ molecules of ATP can be formed.
a) 2
b) 19
c) 38
d) 63
d) aerobic
____ATP stores energy in
a) ADP
b) adenine
c) phosphate-phosphate bonds
____An end product of alcoholic fermentation is
a) glucose
b) oxygen
c) carbon dioxide
d) ribose
d) lactic acid
____Aerobic processes require _____ in order to take place.
a) sunlight
b) water
c) oxygen
d) carbon dioxide
____ATP molecules produced during aerobic cellular respiration
a) remain in the mitochondria in which they are formed
b) are stored in chlorolplasts of the same cell in which they are formed
c) enter the cell's cytoplasm through membranes of the mitochondria in which they
are formed
d) are distrubuted by the bloodstream to all cells in the body
____Cellular respiration takes place in two stages:
a) glycolysis and fermentation
c) Stage 1 and Stage 2 of
photosynthesis
b) glycolysis, then oxidative respiration
d) oxidative respiration, then
reproductive respiration
____Acetyl-coenzyme A
a) is formed from the breakdown of pyruvate
b) can be used in fat synthesis
____Water is an end product in
a) lactic acid formation
b) The Krebs cycle
____When glycolysis occurs,
a) a molecule of glucose is split
b) two molecules of pyruvate are made
c) enters the Krebs cycle
d) All of the above
c) fermentation
d) the electron transport system
c) some ATP is formed
d) All of the above
The process by which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid is called
_______________________________
The conversion of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and ethanol is called
__________________________ _____________________________.
The release of energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen is called
_______________________ _____________________________.
The first biochemical pathway of cellular respiration is called
_____________________________________
The breakdown of pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen is called
___________________ _______________________.
What is the scientific unit of Energy? _________________________________
Glucose molecules are converted into __________________ ________________
molecules in the process of glycolysis.
The breakdown of organic compounds to produce ATP is known as
_________________________ _______________________________.
How is the synthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain of mitochondria similar to
the synthesis of ATP in chloroplasts?
The fourth step of glycolysis yields four ATP molecules, but the net yield is only two
ATP molecules. Explain this discrepancy.
Glycolysis produces only 3.5% of the energy that would be produced if an equal
quantity of glucose were completely oxidized. What has happened to the remaining
energy in the glucose?
Explain the role of oxaloacetic acid with respect to the cyclical nature of the Krebs
cycle.
What happens to electrons that accumulate at the end of the electron transport chain?
Answer the following questions
1. Explain the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Give two examples of
each.
2. Below draw a molecule of ATP. Label: ADP, adenosine, adenine, ribose, phosphate
groups, chemical bond that would be broken if energy needed to be released.
3. Below draw a diagram of chloroplast and label the following: chloroplast
membrane, thylakoid, granum (grana), stroma, thylakoid membrane, thylakoid
innerspace, location of pigments.
4. Explain why chloroplasts are green. (use the correct information from the
electromagnetic spectrum)
5. What is NADPH? What is the difference between NADP+ and NADPH? How
does NADP+ turn into NADPH?
6. Write the chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis.
7. What are the reactants and products of Light Dependant Reactions? Where in the
chloroplast do they occur?
Reactants:
Products:
Location:
8. What are the reactants and products of Light-Independent Reactions? Where in the
chloroplast do they occur?
Reactants:
Products:
Location:
Part C
The Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis occur on the thylakoid membranes
of the chloroplast. Below is a diagram that describes the path of the electrons
throughout the L-D reactions. Use it to answer the next set of questions.
1. Describe the first set of Light-Dependant reactions.
2. Every time a photon is absorbed in the chlorophyll a 2 electrons are excited.
They are not recycled. Where does the supply of electrons come from and
where do they end up at the end of L-D set of reactions?
3. What products result specifically from Photosystem I and Photosystem II?
4. When a water molecule is split, what is it split into? Where do all the resulting
components end up?
5. At what steps of L-D reactions is ATP made. What is it specifically used for?
(this will be different depending when and where is it produced)
6. Describe the action of protein carrier: ATP synthase? Explain why is it
important to build up a Hydrogen ion concentration gradient in order to have it
properly function?
Part D
1. What are Light-Independent Reaction often called?
2. Why is there a need to go on with Light – Independent reactions? Why not
stop with the Light –Dependant Reactions since ATP and NADPH are energy
carrying molecules?
3. Where does the Carbon Dioxide come from? What will happen to it and what
will it eventually become?
4. How many molecules of carbon dioxide enter one Calvin Cycle? How many
molecules of high-energy sugars are produced as a result of one Calvin Cycle?
5. Look at the diagram below and complete it by filling in the products, reactants
or descriptions of what happens at each step.
6. What are the steps of the Calvin Cycle where ATP is needed?
7. Explain how temperature, intensity of light and water affect the rates of
photosynthesis?
Note: (( put a circle on the correct answer)):
1.
The respiration process occurs in the
‫تحدث عملية التنفس الخلوي في‬
a)
b)
c)
d)
Ribosome and Lysosome
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Chloroplast and Cytoplasm
Mitochondria and Cytoplasm
2- Glycolysis occurs in the:
‫تحدث عملية التحلل السكري في‬
a)
b)
c)
d)
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
3-In Glycolysis glucose is converted into:
4. The Kerb cycle occurs in the
‫في عملية التحلل السكري يتحول السكر الى‬
a)
b)
c)
d)
Starch
Pyruvate and ATP
Fructose and NAD
Ribose and ATP
‫تحدث حلقة كربس في‬
a)
b)
c)
d)
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Take a look at the picture below, label it from the words in the box below then answer
the following questions: ‫ حدد‬،‫انظر الى هذه الصورة والتي توضح مخطط لعمليات التنفس الخلوي‬
‫اجزائها ثم اجب عن االسئلة التي تليها‬
Q2:
Fill
in the table with the products of each step in cellular respiration:
‫إمأل الجدول التالي بنواتج عمليات التنفس الخلوي في كل مرحلة من مراحلها‬
ATP
FADH2
NADH
CO2
‫محتويات الجزيئات الناتجة‬
‫المرحلة‬
Glycolysis ‫التحلل السكري‬
‫تحول حمض بيروفيك الى أستيل‬
‫مرافق إنزيم ‪-‬أ ‪link Reaction‬‬
‫حلقة كربس ‪Krebs cycle‬‬
‫سلسلة نقل االلكترون ‪ETC‬‬
‫‪Q2-Draw and label the parts of each of these‬‬
‫‪a.) ATP‬‬
‫‪b.) ADP‬‬
‫تحتاج النباتات لنقل الماء والغذاء والهواء‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫نسيج الخشب (‪ )Xylem tissue‬يعمل على نقل كل من‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫الماء (‪.)water‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫المعادن واألمالح (‪.)salts and minerals‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫بعض المواد العضوية صغيرة الحجم(‪.)small organic compound‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫تركيب النسيج الخشبي‬
‫يتكون هذا النسيج من‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬‬
‫ألياف (‪ :)Fiber‬وهي خاليا طويلة الشكل ذات جدران سميكة تعطي النباتات الدعامة التركيبية‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬‬
‫خاليا برنشيمية (‪ :)Parenchema cells‬وهي خاليا متعددة الوظائف‪ .‬وتكمن أهميتها في عملية‬
‫تخزين المواد الغذائية مثل النشا‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬‬
‫عناصر وعائية خشبية ( ‪ :)Xylem vessels elements‬وهي المسؤولة عن نقل الماء واألمالح في‬
‫النباتات‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ويكون عمود الماء متصال من الورق إلى خشب الورقةة وخشةب السةاق وخشةب الجةذور حتةى‬
‫التربة‪ ،‬فما القوى التي تحافظ على هذا االتصال؟ هناك قوى تماسك بةين جزيئةات المةاء وقةوى‬
‫تالصق بين الماء وأوعية الخشب‬
‫‪‬‬
‫نظ ار لتماسك جزيئات الماء مع بعضها البعض بالروابط الهيدروجينية‪ ،‬فإن عملية النتح‬
‫‪‬‬
‫أما مصدر الطاقة لهذه العملية‪ ،‬فهو الطاقة الشمسية‪ ،‬ألنها هي المسببة لعملية النتح‪.‬‬
‫درست سابقا أن ارتفاع بعض األشجار يزيد على ‪100‬م‪ ،‬فكيف يصل الماء واألمالح إلى‬
‫قمم تلك األشجار؟ يتم نقل الماء واألمالح من الجذر إلى األوراق بالطرائق اآلتية‪:‬‬
‫تعمل على سحب الماء لألعلى من أوعية الخشب والقصيبات‪ ،‬دون أن ينقطع عمود الماء‪،‬‬
‫الخاصية الشعرية‪ :‬يرتفع الماء في األنابيب الضيقة بالخاصية الشعرية‪ ،‬وبما أن األوعية الخشبية‬
‫أ‪.‬‬
‫أنابيب ضيقة‪ ،‬فقد ينتقل الماء عبرها بهذه الخاصية‬
‫جـ‪.‬‬
‫القوة السالبة الناتجة عن النتح‪:‬‬
‫ب‪.‬‬
‫الضغط الجذري‪ :‬هو الضغط المتكون من الجذر بسبب الخاصية اإلسموزية‪ ،‬وهذا يسبب دفع الماء‬
‫واألمالح لألعلى‪ ،‬كيف يتولد الضغط الجذري؟ أثناء الليل تنعدم عملية النتح تقريبا بسبب انغالق الثغور‪،‬‬
‫وتستمر خاليا الجذر في ضخ األيونات إلى الخشب‪ ،‬وتعمل خاليا البشرة الداخلية المحيطة باالسطوانة‬
‫الوعائية على عدم عودة األيونات خارج االسطوانة الوعائية‪ ،‬ويؤدي تراكم األمالح إلى تولد قوة تدفع الماء‬
‫لألعلى وتسمى الضغط الجذري‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬آلية النقل في اللحاء‬
‫يطلق على المكان الذي يتم فيه صنع الغذاء اسم المصدر‪ ،‬فالنسيج المتوسط في الورقة مصدر‪ ،‬ويتم‬
‫استهالك السكروز أو تخزينه في أجزاء أخرى من النبات‪ ،‬ويطلق على هذه األجزاء أعضاء االستهالك أو‬
‫التخزين‪ ،‬مثل الدرنات‪ ،‬واألبصال والجذور النامية أو السيقان والثمار‪ ،‬ومن الفرضيات األكثر قبوال لتفسير آلية‬
‫النقل في اللحاء فرضية التدفق الكمي التي وضعها العالم األلماني منش‪ ،‬ويمكن توضيح آلية النقل في اللحاء‬
‫كما يأتي‪:‬‬
‫يحمل السكروز من مكان تكوينه إلى األنابيب الغربالية في اللحاء بعملية نقل نشط‪ ،‬ويؤدي دخول‬
‫السكروز إلى هذه األنابيب إلى رفع الضغط االسموزي فيها‪ ،‬ودخول الماء إلى هذه الخاليا حسب الخاصية‬
‫اإلسموزية‪ .‬ونتيجة لذلك‪ ،‬يتولد ضغط في األنبوب الغربالي‪ ،‬يدفع بمحتويات اللحاء إلى مكان االستهالك أو‬
‫التخزين‪ .‬ويتم تفريغ السكروز من األنابيب الغربالية إلى أعضاء االستهالك أو التخزين بعملية نقل نشط‪ ،‬ونتيجة‬
‫لخروج السكروز من األنابيب الغربالية‪ ،‬يقل الضغط اإلسموزي فيها فيخرج الماء من هذه األنابيب حسب‬
‫الخاصية اإلسموزية‪ ،‬ويتم استهالك السكروز وتخزينه في الخاليا التي نقل لها‪ ،‬أما الماء فيعاد إلى الخشب‪.‬‬
‫تالحظ مما سبق أن عمليتي التحميل والتفريغ للسكروز يلزمها طاقة‪ ،‬أما النقل داخل األنبوب فال يلزمه طاقة ويتم‬
‫النقل في اللحاء في جميع االتجاهات‪.‬‬
‫‪ #‬ويعمل شريط كاسبار على منع الماء واألمالح من العودة من األسطوانة الوعائية إلى القشرة‪.‬‬
‫‪ #‬عمليتي التحميل والتفريغ للسكروز يلزمها طاقة‪ ،‬أما النقل داخل األنبوب فال يلزمه طاقة‪.‬‬
‫‪#‬‬
‫يدخل الماء واألمالح الذائبة من الشعيرة الجذرية وحتى الخشب حسب الترتيب اآلتي‪:‬‬
‫شعيرات جذرية ‪ +‬بشرة‬
‫تربة‬
‫قشرة ‪ +‬بشرة داخلية‬
‫خشب‬
‫‪ # ‬النقل لمسافة قصيرة‪ :‬ويطلق على نقل الماء واألمالح من خاليا الجذر الخارجية إلى‬
‫خالياه الداخلية‪ .‬تحدث هذه العملية عبر ثالث ممرات‪ ،‬هي‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬‬
‫الممر األول‪ :‬ينتقل فيه الماء واألمالح الذائبة من خلية ألخرى عبر الجدار الخلوي‪،‬‬
‫ويتطلب ذلك المرور المتكرر للمواد المنقولة عبر األغشية البالزمية‪.‬‬
‫‪.2‬‬
‫الممر الثاني‪ :‬ويسمى بالممر الخلوي الجماعي‪ ،‬بعد دخول الماء واألمالح إلى أول‬
‫خلية‪ ،‬فإنها تنتقل للخلية المجاورة عن طريق الروابط البالزمية‪.‬‬
‫‪.3‬‬
‫الممر الثالث‪ :‬الممر خارج خلوي‪ :‬وهو ممر يقع خارج الخاليا ويتكون من جدر‬
‫خاليا البشرة والقشرة‪ ،‬يستطيع الماء واألمالح الذائبة أن تغير الممر الذي تسلكه إذ‬
‫يمكنها أن تمر بالممر الخلوي الجماعي لفترة قصيرة‪ ،‬ثم تغير الممر إلى الممر‬
‫خارج خلوي‪.‬‬
Q3: Take a look at this picture which represents a cross section of the
dicotyledonous plants stem, label it in the table below carefully then
give one function for each label?
:
‫أنظررر إلررى هررذه الصررورة والررذي تمضررل مقط ر عرضرري لذررا فرري النثاتررات وات الفلقتررين ث رم حرردد‬
‫أجزائها وأعطي وظيفة واحدة لكل جزء؟‬
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name of the part
‫اسم الجزء‬
Function of the part
‫وظيفة الجزء‬
A
B
E
C
D
B
A
1.In order to produce energy, cells start with glycolysis. If oxygen is NOT
present after
glycolysis, what process occurs next?
a-Electron Transport Chain
b-Krebs Cycle
c- Fermentation
2. If oxygen IS present after glycolysis, what process occurs next?
a-Electron Transport Chain
b-Krebs Cycle
c-Fermentation
3. A process that does NOT require oxygen is known as what?
a-Aerobic
b-Anaerobic
4. Which of the following processes are anaerobic (more than one may be
circled)?
a-Electron Transport Chain b-Krebs Cycle
c-Fermentation
5. A process that does require oxygen is known as what?
a-Aerobic
b- Anaerobic
6- The structure transporting product food from its source to other parts
of plant? ‫التركيب الذي ينقل الغذاء من مكان تصنيعه إلى باقي أجزاء النثات‬
a- xylem
b-phloem
c- stoma
7-Where in the cell do the glycolysis reactions take place?
8-The
cohesion tension theory explains the movement of what in the
plant?
‫فرضية التالصق والتماسك توضح نقل إحدى المواد التالية؟‬
A) Air ‫الهواء‬
B) sap in the phloem ‫العصارة في اللحاء‬
C) Water in the xylem ‫ الماء في الخشب‬D) carbohydrates phloem ‫الكربوهيدرات‬
‫في اللحاء‬
List 4 functions of the cell or plasma membrane:
a.
_________________________________________
b.
_________________________________________
c.
_________________________________________
d.
_________________________________________