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Objectives
Glycolysis
1.
Draw the chemical structures of the substrates and products of the glycolytic pathway.
2.
Identify the enzymes of glycolysis that catalyze steps in which ATP is used or formed, and
in which NADH is formed.
3.
Compare the stoichiometry of energy production in anaerobic vs, aerobic glycolysis.
4.
Describe the hepatic fructose and galactose pathways and identify their metabolic
endproduct that is an intermediate of glycolysis.
Citric Acid Cycle
1.
For E1, E2 and E3 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex list their substrates and
products, identify their co-factors giving the roles and vitamin sources, and discuss their
regulation.
2
Draw structures for the substrates and products in the citric acid (tricarboxylic acid)
cycle, pay particular attention to the reactions associated with energy production (GTP,
NADH, FADH2 formation) and describe their regulation.
3.
Discuss the energy production from the citric acid cycle.
Gluconeogenesis / Pentose Phosphate Pathway
1.
Describe how the oxidative and non-oxidative branches of the pentose
phosphate pathway affect glycolysis.
4.
Draw structures for the gluconeogenic precursors and products identify the enzymes
that differ from those of glycolysis.
5.
Describe the Cori and glucose-alanine cycles, and their relationship to gluconeogenesis.
Glycogen and Integration
1.
Describe the general structural features of glycogen.
2.
List the general features of the steps in glycogenolysis (degradation) and glycogenesis
(synthesis).
3.
Integrate glycolysis, the PDH complex, citric acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway,
gluconeogenesis, glycogen, the urea cycle and amino acid metabolism.
Be able to trace a single carbon atom through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Practice,
start with glucose, keep track of carbons 1 through 6 all the way through glycolysis, the PDH
complex and the citric acid cycle.