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Download “Command Center” because it houses all the genetic material in every
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Section 3.1 DNA Notes Learning Outcome I can explain the differences, and roles involved with chromosomes, genes, and DNA (1866) Heritable Traits: a scientist monk named Gregory Mendel, noted that parents inherited parents’ traits, and that some traits were more common than others. These traits became known as dominant and recessive traits. Mendel is known as the father of Genetics 6 Principals of Genetics derived 1) Traits are passed from one generation of a species to the next generation 2) Genes are the units of hereditary and determine traits of living things 3) Living things that reproduce sexually inherit genes in pairs, with one set being contributed by both parents 4) Some genes are dominant, while others are recessive 5) Dominant genes tend to mask or hide traits of recessive genes when offspring inherit a pair of genes where one is dominant and the other is recessive 6) Genes may display incomplete dominance that is they may be neither dominant nor recessive Chargaff’s Rules First Rule Number of Guanine units equals the number of Cytosine units, as well as the number of Adenine units equals the number Thymine units These are the four bases that help make up DNA So A = T, and G = C This strongly hinted towards base pair make up Second Rule Composition of DNA varies from one species to another, in particular the amount of A, G, T, and C. This help add strength to the argument that DNA had the complexity needed to be responsible for genetic material Nucleus The nucleus is known as the “Command Center” because it houses all the genetic material in every cell Genes are made up of DNA, and are responsible for determining all of the specific traits of an organism Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) This is the inherited material responsible for variation It was discovered in 1869 It is made up of 2 Backbones made up of alternating phosphate and sugar molecules, which are oriented on the outside of the molecule Then Nitrogenous Bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine), that face towards the inside bonding with each other (through hydrogen bonds) The Shape Looks like a twisted ladder, forming a right handed double helix The Nitrogenous Bases, form the rungs of the ladder -Adenine A only bonds with T -Thymine C only bonds with G -Guanine -Cytosine Genes Gene: is a segment of DNA, located in one particular place on a chromosome, which determines a specific characteristic of an organism So a gene is a specific area on the DNA molecule that represents the order of the Nitrogenous bases for that specific region The arrangement of these “4 chemicals” (Nitrogenous Bases) determines the genetic code Genetic Code: Arrangement of the 4 chemical “letters” on a DNA molecule that can be arranged into words, creating the instructions for an organism Chromosomes A single DNA Molecule is arranged into a package known as Chromosome Chromosome: A structure in which DNA is arranged and in which Genes are located The total DNA in one cell if spread out would be about the length of 2- 3 meters (1 million times longer than the cell it came from) To make it all fit DNA forms these Chromosomes by wrapping the double helix tightly around some proteins, until a chromosome is formed So how many chromosomes are there? Well that depends on what type of organisms Humans have 46 Fruit Flies have 8 Rice Plants have 24 Dogs have 72 Most Bacteria have one or two circular Sex Chromosomes, Females are XX, and Males are XY Genes and Alleles Genes are located in the chromosomes Each chromosome has numerous gene locations Genes come in pairs Both genes in a pair carry DNA instructions for the same thing Specific characteristic genes occupy matching locations on the two chromosomes DNA code may not be exactly the same in both locations Allele Is a possible form of a gene Summary: DNA is the material that contains the genetic information The sequencing of the base pairs of the structure of the DNA makes up specific genes located along the DNA molecule DNA molecules are packaged up into chromosomes Chromosomes are found in a cells nucleus The nucleus carries out the genetic function necessary for the cell