Download Week 1 – Cell structure and Function and Cell membranes

Living Cells
In this section you will learn:
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A unicellular organism is made up of only one cell
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A multi-cellular organism is made up of many cells
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An animal cell is made up of Cell Membrane, Nucleus,
Cytoplasm
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A plant cell is made up of Cell Wall, Cell Membrane,
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Vacuole & Chloroplasts
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The nucleus is the control centre of the cell
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The cell membrane allows the exit and entry of
substances into/out of the cell
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The cytoplasm is the site of chemical reactions
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The cell wall is for support and it stops a plant cell
from bursting
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The vacuole holds the plant cell’s sap
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The chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis and
contain chlorophyll
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A microbe is a microscopic unicellular organism e.g. a
yeast cell
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Yeast can be used to made bread, wine and beer
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Alcoholic Fermentation Equation is
yeast
Glucose
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Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
Bacteria can be used to make cheese and yoghurt
Souring of Milk Equation
bacteria
Lactose Sugar
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⇨
Lactic Acid
Antibiotics are produced by Fungi and are used to kill
bacteria
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Activities:
Completed
Notes:
Glow – Unit 1 – Living Cells
Reading:
Int 2 Biology Text Book (Torrance)
Int 2 Biology Success Guide
Questions:
Int 2 Biology Text Book
Applying Your Knowledge
Multiple Choice Book
Additional Activity:
Comments:
2-5
4-9
4, 8, 15
16 - 20
1 – 10
Diffusion and Osmosis
In this section you will learn:
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Diffusion is the movement of substances from a high
concentration to a low concentration down a
concentration gradient.
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Examples of substances which enter a cell by diffusion
are oxygen and glucose
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Examples of substances which leave a cell by diffusion
are carbon dioxide and wastes (e.g.urea)
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Diffusion is important to cells because
- Diffusion provides the raw materials needs for
photosynthesis (e.g. carbon dioxide) and respiration
(e.g. oxygen)
- Diffusion also helps to get rid of waste products
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Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of
high water concentration to a region of lower water
concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
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If you placed a plant cell in a:- Hypertonic Solution - the cell would become
flaccid/plasmolysed
- Hypotonic Solution
- the cell would become
turgid
- Isotonic Solution
- the cell would stay
the same
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If you placed an animal cell in a:- Hypertonic Solution - the cell would become
flaccid/plasmolysed
- Hypotonic Solution
- the cell would
eventually burst
- Isotonic Solution
- the cell would stay
the same
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Plasmolysed is when the cell membrane (also called the
plasma membrane) has pulled away from the cell wall
because so much water has left the cell by osmosis
shrinking the vacuole
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Turgid is the term used to describe a cell has gained
water and feels hard
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Flaccid is the term used to describe a cell that has lost
water and it feels soft and squidgy
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Activities:
Completed
Notes:
Glow – Unit 1 – Diffusion and Osmosis
Reading:
Int 2 Biology Text Book (Torrance)
Int 2 Biology Success Guide
Questions:
Int 2 Biology Text Book
Applying Your Knowledge
Multiple Choice Book
Additional Activity:
Comments:
21 - 35
10 - 13
25, 32, 35
36 - 40
11 - 18
Respiration
In this section you will learn:
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The main source of energy in cells is glucose
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The type of energy stored in glucose is chemical energy
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Different foods have different energy contents
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Energy is used by cells for various activities e.g. muscle
contraction
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ATP stores the chemical energy found in glucose
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An ATP molecule is formed from ADP + Pi
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The process of glycolysis
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The process of the breakdown of pyruvic acid
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Glycolysis produces 2 ATP
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Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid produces 36 ATP
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Only 2 ATP are produced in Anaerobic Respiration
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38ATP are produced in Aerobic Respiration
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The end products of aerobic respiration are Carbon
Dioxide, Water and Energy
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The end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells
is Lactic Acid
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The end products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells
is Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide
Activities:
Completed
Notes:
Glow – Unit 1 – Respiration
Reading:
Int 2Biology Text Book (Torrance)
Int 2 Biology Success Guide
Questions:
Int 2 Biology Text Book
Applying Your Knowledge
Multiple Choice Book
Additional Activity:
Comments:
65 - 74
20 - 23
70, 72, 74
78 - 82
32 - 43
Enzymes
In this section you will learn:
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The 2 products of hydrogen peroxide break down are
Oxygen and Water
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2 ways that chemical reactions can be speeded up are
by increasing the temperature or adding an enzyme
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3 properties of catalysts are:
reaction
unchanged by the reaction
1 – Catalysts speed up a
2 – Catalysts are
3 – Catalysts lower the
energy input needed
for a chemical reaction
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Enzymes are Biological Catalysts
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Enzymes are made in all living cells
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Enzymes are made from proteins
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The Substrate is the chemical that the enzyme acts on
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The Product is the end chemical produced
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The Active site of an enzyme is where the chemical
reaction occurs
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There is a complementary relationship between the
shape of an enzyme molecule and its substrate – the
enzyme and the substrate shape fit each other exactly
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Enzymes are Specific as only one enzyme acts on only
one substrate
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A degradation reaction is a reaction involving the
breakdown of a substrate
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An example of an enzyme involved in a degradation
reaction is Catalase
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Catalase speeds up the following
Hydrogen Peroxide ⇨Oxygen + Water
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A synthesis reaction is a reaction involving the building
up of substrates
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An example of an enzyme involved in a synthesis
reaction is Phosphorylase
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Phosphorylase speeds up the following
Glucose-1-Phosphosphate⇨Starch
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The substrate of the following enzymes are:Subtrate
Enzyme
Product
Starch
Amylase
Maltose
Hydrogen Peroxide
Catalase
Oxygen + Water
Glucose-1-Phosphate
Phosphorylase
Starch
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Low Temperatures slow down an enzyme’s activity
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High Temperatures slow down and can cease an
enzyme’s activity
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An enzyme is said to be denatured when it’s active site
has been damaged

pH can increase or decrease enzyme activity

Optimum temperature is the temperature that an
enzyme works best at
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Optimum pH is the pH that an enzyme works best at
Activities:
Completed
Notes:
Glow – Unit 1 – Enzymes
Reading:
Int 2 Biology Text Book (Torrance)
Int 2 Biology Success Guide
Questions:
Int 2 Biology Text Book
Applying Your Knowledge
Multiple Choice Book
Additional Activity:
Comments:
41 - 57
14 - 17
43, 51, 55
58 - 63
19 - 31
Photosynthesis
In this section you will learn:
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The type of energy needed for photosynthesis is
LIGHT ENERGY from the SUN
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Light energy is trapped in the chloroplast of a leaf
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Chlorophyll is a chemical found in a chloroplasts and it
traps light energy
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The energy change that occurs during photosynthesis is
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Light Energy⇨Chemical Energy
The raw materials of photosynthesis are Water and
Carbon Dioxide
The main product of Photosynthesis is Glucose
The by-product of Photosynthesis is Oxygen
A summary equation for photosynthesis is:Water + Carbon Dioxide
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Light Energy

Chlorophyll
Glucose + Oxygen
Diffusion is important to Photosynthesis as it allows
carbon dioxide gases in and oxygen out of the leaf cells
Photolysis is the first stage of Photosynthesis and it
uses light energy from the sun to split water
The 3 products of photolysis are Oxygen, ATP and
Hydrogen
Oxygen is released to the air
ATP and Hydrogen are passed onto the second stage of
Photosynthesis (Carbon Fixation)
Carbon fixation is when carbon dioxide is combined
with hydrogen to make the product glucose
2 carbohydrates that glucose can be converted into are
Starch and Cellulose
Plants need to store Starch so they have an energy
store
Plants need Cellulose to make the cell wall
The factors that limit the rate of photosynthesis are
Light Intensity, Carbon Dioxide Concentration and
Temperature
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Horticulturists overcome the problems with limiting
factors by:Limiting Factor
Method to overcome problem
Light
Supplementary lighting
Carbon Dioxide
Temperature
Use heaters which burn paraffin or
propane (they produce carbon
dioxide gas)
Add heaters
Activities:
Completed
Notes:
Glow – Unit 1 – Photosynthesis
Reading:
Int 2 Biology Text Book (Torrance)
Int 2 Biology Success Guide
Questions:
Int 2 Biology Text Book
Applying Your Knowledge
Multiple Choice Book
Additional Activity:
Comments:
83 - 97
24 - 27
89, 93, 98
99 - 105
44 - 56
NAB revision
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Living Cells
Diffusion and Osmosis
Respiration
Enzymes
Photosynthesis
Target Grade
NAB 1st
Attempt
NAB 2nd
Attempt
1. Areas of strength
2. Areas identified as needing further work
3. Tips learned to help answer future questions
Unit 1 AB test
On target?
Welcome to Int 2 Biology.
This booklet is your “learning log” for this unit.
Roughly for each week, it details what we hope to cover. The first table lists the
learning outcomes.
In this section you will learn:

A unicellular organism is made up of only one cell
Tick here once you’ve been
taught this outcome. This will
help you keep track of where
you are and if you’ve missed
any work.
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Tick these boxes when
you have reviewed
this work once and
then when you revise
it again.
The second table lists the suggested activities you should complete each week.
e.g.
The notes section tells you where to
find the Powerpoint for this unit to
catch up on any work missed.
Notes:
Glow – Unit 1 – Living Cells.
Reading:
Int 2 Biology Text Book (Torrance)
Int 2 Biology Success Guide
Questions:
Int 2 Biology Text Book
Applying Your Knowledge
Multiple Choice Book
Additional Activity:
Completed
This is where you can find reading to
47
- 56your understanding of what
expand
is done
16
- 17in class
Activities
to complete to help assess
48,
52, 54
your 731
understanding
of the work
Set
- 33
covered in class. The answers can be
2005 2 B
found in the Study room at the back
of Room 31.
Some weeks I may assign an
extra activity.
Tick each activity as you complete it.
The “Comments” section is for you identify any problems or areas of difficulty you have
and to plan how to address these problems.
Name: