Download ReadingStudyGuide1.W97

Reading Study Guide 7
Biology 104
I. Chapter 7: How Cells Release Stored Energy
Note: Aerobic respiration, like photosynthesis, is a fascinating process. However, the terms and concepts are probably very new
to you. I do NOT expect you to know all of the details that are included in the chapter. In order to increase your comprehension, I
encourage you to read the chapter through one time just to get an overview of the terms and concepts. Then go back and work
through the reading study guide. The questions in this reading study guide are not necessarily "right from the book", so you may
need to spend some additional time thinking about them.
A. Terms
1. ATP
2. Anaerobic
3. Fermentation pathways
4. Aerobic Respiration
5. Glycolysis
6. Pyruvate
7. Mitochondrion
8. Krebs Cycle
9. NAD (NADH)
10. FAD (FADH2)
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Coenzymes
Electron Transport Phosphorylation
Energy-requiring steps of Glycolysis
Energy-releasing steps of Glycolysis
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Acetyl-CoA
ATP Synthases
Lactate Fermentation (Lactic Acid)
Alcoholic Fermentation (Ethanol)
Deamination
21. Ammonia
22. Urea
B. Figures: Note: It is critically important that you STUDY these figures and integrate the terms and concepts. 7.2, 7.3, 7.4,
7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, and 7.12
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions
1. Review the overall chemical equation of aerobic respiration and how it relates to the overall chemical equation for
photosynthesis.
2. Review the names of the chemical unit molecules of the energy-yielding macromolecules: carbohydrates, fats
(triglycerides), and proteins.
3. Distinguish between biosynthetic and degradative chemical reactions. Which one of these reactions is typically
endothermic? Exothermic?
4. Distinguish between the terms “aerobic” and “anaerobic”. Which of these metabolic pathways provides you with the
most energy (i.e. the greatest ATP yield)? Give the specific NET ATP yields for both metabolic pathways.
5. What are the stages of aerobic respiration? Briefly summarize the major events in each stage.
6. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? What chemical compound “enters” glycolysis (i.e. the substrate)? What
is/are the chemical end products of glycolysis under aerobic conditions? Hint: Focus on the carbon-containing
compounds emphasized in the figures.
7. Glycolysis has only energy-requiring chemical reactions. a. True b. False
Explain the rationale for your
response.
8. Review figure 7.4, which provides additional details on glycolysis. What is the gross yield of ATP per molecule of
glucose that is converted to pyruvate? What is the net yield?
9. Notice in the same figure the compounds NAD and NADH, which are coenzymes. What is the function of
coenzymes? Which form of these coenzymes is oxidized? Which form is reduced? What is the net yield of NADH per
molecule of glucose that is converted to pyruvate? What is the net yield when lactic acid is the end product?
10. What physiological factor determines if the pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA? If the conversion does take
place, what is the fate of the carbon atoms that are cleaved from the pyruvate in the process of making acetyl CoA?
11. Are ATP and/or NADH produced when pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA? If so, how many?
12. Each acetyl CoA has how many carbon atoms in its structure? If both molecules of acetyl CoA enter into the Krebs
cycle, what is the “final fate” of the carbon atoms? Now you should better understand the overall chemical equation for
cellular respiration (e.g. 6CO2).
13. Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?
14. Refer to figure 7.6. Count the number of NADH, FADH2 (which are similar in function to NADH), and ATP
produced during the Krebs cycle (NOT including the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA). Remember that the figure
shows the results for ONE molecule of acetyl CoA, and that each glucose yields TWO molecules of acetyl CoA. We will
use this information later.
15. What is the function of the electron transport chain (phosphorylation)? How many ATP are generated from each
molecule of NADH. and FADH2 that enter the chain?
16. Now, go back over the process and determine how many ATP can be produced from complete aerobic metabolism of
a molecule of glucose. Hint: See figure 7.8
17. How are ATP synthesized during aerobic metabolism? Your response should include the following terms: substrate
phosphorylation, chemiosmotic theory of ATP production, ATP synthases, transport proteins, ATP, ADP, and Pi
18. What is the estimated energy-conserving efficiency of aerobic respiration? What is the “fate” of the non-conserved
energy (i.e. the energy not captured to make ATP)?
19. Briefly describe each of the following anaerobic pathways: lactate fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. In each
case, describe the substrate, the end products, gross and net ATP yield, and coenzyme yield. How are these pathways
commercially important? Physiologically important?
20. Study figure 7.12. Explain how each of the three nutrient groups (complex carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) can be
used for energy via the processes discussed earlier.
21. When is ammonia (NH3) produced from amino acids? Briefly explain how the body process and excretes this
ammonia, which is a toxic substance. Hint: You make need to use other sources, such as a human biology book, to
answer this question.