Download 16-17 Biology Fall Final Study Guide

BIOLOGY FALL FINAL STUDY GUIDE
Unit 1- Biology as a Science and Chemistry Review
Nature of Science
 Safety
 Hypothesis
 Theory
 Data: Qualitative vs. Quantitative
 Observation vs. Inference
 Controlled experiment
o Independent, Dependent, Standard variables (IV, DV, SV)

Graphing
o How to title, label, axis with units, etc.
 Characteristics of Living Things
Unit 2- Cell Chemistry
Big Bang, Atoms and Bonds
 Protons, neutrons and electrons
 Atoms, ions and isotopes
 Periodic table (Atomic #= # of protons, Mass #= # of protons + # of neutrons)
 Electron configurations, valence electrons (highest energy shell)
 Ionic, covalent, polar covalent, hydrogen bonds
 Elements, chemical compounds and molecules
Water and pH
 Properties of water and why they are important to life
o Polar, Hydrogen bonds, Cohesion and adhesion, Capillary action, specific heat, heat of vaporization,
surface tension
 Mixtures, solutions and suspensions
 pH
o scale, definition, measurement of H+ ions (hydronium ions)
o indicators
o buffers
Biomolecules
 Organic Chemistry vs Inorganic Chemistry
 Monomers vs. polymers
 Dehydration (polymerization) reactions
o Polymerization- combining monomers into polymers
 Hydrolysis reactions
o Breaking polymers down into monomers (using water “hydro”)
 Carbohydrates
o Function(s)
o Structures of monomers and polymers
 Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharide
 Elements present (C, H, and O)
 Lipids
o Function(s)
o Structures of monomers and polymers
 Glycerol, fatty acid chains, fat molecules
 Elements present
 Carboxyl group
 Proteins
o
o

Function(s)
Structures of monomers and polymers
 Amino acids, polypeptides
 Elements present
 Peptide bonds
 Amino and carboxyl groups
Nucleic Acids
o Function(s)
o Structures of monomers and polymers
 Nucleotides, nucleic acids
 Elements present
Energy
 Chemical reactions
o Products vs reactants
 Thermodynamics
o Exergonic (exothermic) vs Endogonic (endothermic)
o Graphs of exer vs endogonic
o Activation energy
o Spontaneous reactions
 Enzymes
o Catalysts
 Specifically enzymes are protein catalysts
o Functions
o Effect on activation energy
o Enzyme-substrate complex
 Substrates, active sites, "lock-and key" hypothesis
o Structure and function
o Regulation of activity, effect of temp and pH on enzymes
Unit 3- Cell Biology
Cell Membrane and Transport
 Cell membrane structure, Fluid Mosaic model
 Channel proteins vs Carrier proteins
 Passive transport (Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated diffusion)
 Active transport (Bulk transport, Exocytosis, Endocytosis (Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis) Receptor-mediated)
Central Dogma
 Differences between RNA and DNA
 Central dogma
 Where does each step occur?
 Transcription
 RNA Polymerase
 Translation
 Types of RNA- mRNA, rRNA, tRNA; and what they each look like and what they each do
 Codons and anticodons
 Using a codon chart
 How does DNA structure relate to protein synthesis?
Gene Regulation
 What does it mean to turn genes “on” and “off”?
 How is this process done? (Be able to explain in detail what binds where and if transcription is happening “gene
on” or not “gene off”)
o
o
o
o
Promoter
Operater
Repressor
inducer