Download polymerization (small molecules join

2.3 Carbon Compounds
Organic Compounds : compounds that contain Carbon and usually come from
Living organisms
Why Carbon is so interesting that the whole branch of chemistry is set aside for it?  Versatility
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4 valence electrons, which make covalent bonds with H, O, P, S, N
forms chains or rings between Carbon atoms
they can form single, double, or triple bonds
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Macromolecules “Giant molecules” made of 100’s-1000’s of small molecules
Macromolecules are formed by process -polymerization (small molecules join -> large
compounds)
 Monomers are joined to form polymers in a process called Dehydration ;
water is removed to join the monomers
 Polymers are broken down into monomers by a process called hydration; water is
added.
There are 4 different groups of organic compound
1. Carbohydrates : made of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
 Carbohydrates are a main source of Energy and Structure in plants
 include sugar and starch
 Monosaccharide (monomers) - monomer - simple sugar (ex: glucose, fructose)
 Disaccharide - 2 monosaccharides bonded (ex:maltose, lactose, sucrose)
 Polysaccharide - giant polymers of linked monosaccharides (monomers)
(ex: Starch, glycogen – Energy source, Chitin & Cellulose – structural purposes),
 names usually end in -ose
2. Lipids : made of C, H, O and sometimes P
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Lipids are used for Energy storage and are part of biological membrane & water proof
covering.
include fat, oil, wax, steroids (chemical messengers)
not soluble in water
formed by bonding Glycerol with a Fatty acid chain
1. Saturated - C’s are bonded by single bonds,
Maximum number of Hydrogen atoms, usually solid.
2. Unsaturated – one pair of C’s bonded by a double bond, Liquid
3. Polyunsaturated - more than one pair of C’s bonded by a double bond
* Cell membrane mainly composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which controls chemical
movement into and out of the cell and separates the cell contents from the outside world.
3. Nucleic Acids : made of C, H, O, N, P
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Consist of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
& Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Store or Transmit heredity or genetic information.
Nucleotide (monomers) join to form a nucleic acid (polymers)
Nucleotide is a monomer
4. Proteins : made of C, H, O, N, S
 Amino acids (a.a.) monomers join to form protein polymers
 20 different types of amino acids
 like different combinations of letters make up words, different
 combinations of a.a.’s make up proteins.
 a.a.’s consist of an amine group (NH2) and a carboxyl group Amino acid is a Monomer
(COOH) and R group (which makes them different)
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Functions: Each protein has specific function that depends on its conformation (shape)
Form structure - hair nail (keratin), storage, transport – (hemoglobin), control movement
- muscle/skeletal (actin Myocin, collagen), defense – antibodies, regulation of cell
functions – (hormone, enzymes)
Organization (shape ) *** very important ***
 1st level – straight chain
 2nd level –amino acid within chain are twisted or folded
 3rd level – chain is twisted or folded
 4th level – more than 1 chain is present