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Capability Statement Climate Change Adaptation & Mitigation The global climate is changing, and a large part of that can be attributed to anthropogenic activity. While that was a controversial statement several years ago, today it is widely accepted that changes are happening and human emissions of Green House Gasses (GHGs) are a cause. There is a mounting weight of concurring evidence. Accelerating changes are occurring in vital aspects of weather, climate and environment. Yet there is uncertainty about the specific extent and type of change that will occur in specific places. All of these factors, plus the possibility of monumentally negative consequences, make a case for taking prudent action now. Climate Changes Underway The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change and the Fourth Assessment Report of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) argue that climate change is likely to have profound and accelerating effects, including among others: more extreme temperatures, less predictable weather extremes, more floods and droughts, expanding deserts and arid lands, increasingly scarce and polluted water resources, shrinking wetlands, rising sea levels, expanding coastal salinisation, dropping groundwater tables, and reductions in agricultural productivity. Such changes in our physical environment can cause great disturbances to the supply of food, water and energy and to the access of people to them. They can lead to extensive damage to infrastructure in vulnerable areas, such as coastal lowlands and flood plains. They can disrupt the livelihoods of millions and exacerbate problems of low agricultural production, deforestation, migration of displaced persons and urbanization. What should be done? Global climate change requires increasingly rapid and cross-sectoral coordination, sharing of information, integrated strategies and prompt action. Actions are needed to both mitigate and adapt to climate change. In order to develop strategies to adapt to climate change, governments need to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, select options for adaptation and implement and evaluate an adaptation strategy. For formulating effective adaptation strategies, a five-step process is suggested. Five steps for adaptation Step 1: Assess vulnerability strategy There is an urgent need for each country to better understand how severe the future effects of climate change will be. There is a need to assess human and environmental vulnerability in different geographical and socio-economic settings which in turn depends on the level of risk, sensitivity, adaptability, and resilience to climate change impacts. The challenge is to understand what is happening and what is likely to happen in specific countries as a basis for preparing action plans. Vulnerability to climate change is the degree to which these systems are susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse impacts (IPCC 4th Assessment Report). Assessing vulnerability requires looking at: The magnitude of impacts, The timing of impacts - will they occur in the short term (i.e. in 2030) or long term (2100), The persistence and reversibility of impacts, The likelihood of impacts (many impacts are ) The potential for adaptation The geographic and socio-economic distributional aspects of impacts The importance of the systems at risk. Step 2: Prepare institutional framework Countries need to assess the extent to which their policy, legal, regulatory and organizational framework is suitable for identifying and responding to vulnerabilities to climate change. This should include all sectors with climate change vulnerabilities and assign roles for assistance. It should further include setting up a framework to enable effective development and implementation of a mitigation and/or adaptation strategy. This may include enabling crosssectoral problem solving and negotiation, developing alternative dispute resolution processes, and preparing stakeholders for involvement in adaptation processes. It will also include setting up effective and timely processes of decision making, implementation and adjustment. Step 3: Identify, assess and select elements of an adaptation strategy In this step the adaptation strategy is formulated. This may include mitigation measures, which can include measures such as preventing the loss of peatlands and forests (both of which are major storages of carbon). For effective adaptation, the objective is to find all necessary and feasible means to reduce vulnerability to climate change. This can be done in five ways, by: 1) preventing negative effects, 2) strengthening resilience, 3) preparing to minimize negative effects, 4) responding quickly to extreme events, and 5) facilitating recovery after extreme events. After all relevant elements of an adaptation strategy have been identified, stakeholders prioritise and operationalise how elements will be implemented, and schedule implementation. Special attention is needed to ensure protection of the poor and most vulnerable members of society. Step 4: Implement the adaptation strategy With coordination between sectors, high-level political commitment, and direction and representative participation of stakeholders, mitigation and adaptation strategies are implemented. Public awareness raising and capacity building activities are essential. Step 5: Monitor, evaluate and adjust the strategy Successful implementation will require a comprehensive and timely monitoring and evaluation of implementation of the adaptation strategy. This must be well connected to an authoritative decision-making body that is able to make rapid decisions about revising the adaptation strategy. Synergies between adaptation and mitigation Major challenges brought about by global climate change require increasingly rapid and cross-sectoral production of information and responses. While increasing climate change adaptation capacity is essential for developing countries, we believe that climate change mitigation should be taken into account as well. Adaptation is closely linked to sustainable development, food security and livelihoods, while mitigation is related to international obligations, and must make economic sense at local/farm level to be realised. Euroconsult Mott MacDonald is active in the key areas of climate change There are various strategies for combining adaptation and mitigation, some providing investigation and management and can multiple benefits and synergies while others require complex trade-offs. Adaptation- provide services in the following areas: mitigation synergies or trade-offs in among others the agriculture, forestry and environment Environmental impact assessment sector at the global, regional and local levels are scarcely documented. We believe it is of adaptation strategies necessary to create and support synergies that can contribute to sustainable development. Climate change vulnerability and Land and Water Management, Agriculture and Climate Change are core activities of impact assessments Euroconsult Mott MacDonald, and we can provide support to mainstreaming climate change Development of Green House Gas adaptation and mitigation into agriculture & water policies, programs and investments. (GHG) emissions projections and GHG abatement options Where trade-offs are significant, Euroconsult Mott MacDonald can provide guidance in Preparation of investment projects project and policy development which is essential to decrease harmful impacts. We can in the form of Nationally Appropriate also assist in developing mechanisms that specifically reward synergies among mitigation, Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) adaptation and development activities, an example being payments for environmental Compile and analyse key GHG and services. socio-economic data Formulate & implement adaptation Areas where Euroconsult Mott MacDonald can help and mitigation strategies Euroconsult Mott MacDonald (EMM) has experience in implementing both adaptation and Help governments fulfil their mitigation activities. We have carried out economic risk assessments of the potential respective Measurement, Reporting consequences of climate change for environmental assessments. This includes projects for and Verification (MRV) obligations integrated coastal zone management (e.g. rising water levels and changing species (for example under the UNFCCC distribution), river system management (e.g. flood management and infrastructure protection and REDD+ mechanisms) and rehabilitation), land and forestry management, and sustainable irrigation development Climate change assessments for and management. We have experience in conducting vulnerability assessments. We have coastal zones, small island states, assisted in developing mitigation and adaptation strategies and in helping governments river basins & irrigation systems implementing these in Africa, PR China and South and Southeast Asia. This includes water Developing legal & regulatory management, forest preservation and protection of rangelands and peatlands. EMM has frameworks extensive experience with monitoring and evaluation systems and their design for improving Monitoring & evaluation of water, planning and timely decision making. Euroconsult Mott MacDonald is ready to assist land & environmental management governments and other clients to develop timely and appropriate strategies to adapt to and strategies under climate change mitigate impending climate changes. Identify gaps and needs in climate policies and plans Identify climate change mitigation investment opportunities Contact us Mrs Caroline la Chapelle T + 31 26 3577371 M +31 6 27060595 F +31 26 3577577 E [email protected] www.ecbmb.nl