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Nutrition and Digestion Biology 20 Unit 1 Key Questions o How does a single cell like a fertilized egg grow into an adult human being? o What is needed for this growth to occur? o How do we obtain or produce these things? Vertebrate Nutrition (Directions Ch. 9) o “...every living organism requires a constant supply of energy and molecules to build and repair itself and to maintain its life activities” o Nutrients: any substance that is taken into the body’s cells to fulfill a vital function. Nutrients 1. Macronutrients: nutrients that are required in large amounts (g/kg/day) a) b) c) d) Carbohydrates Proteins Fats and other Lipids Nucleic Acids 2. Micronutrients: required in small amounts (mg or g/kg/day) a) Vitamins b) Minerals 3. Special Nutrient a) Water Nutrients o Necessary vs. Essential Nutrients o Necessary Nutrients: nutrients that can be made by the body if they are lacking in the diet o Essential Nutrients: cannot be produced by the body, must be supplied from an external source 1. Macronutrients: a) Carbohydrates o Major source of energy for all of the bodies activities o CnH2nOn ratio of one carbon atom to one water molecule o 3 Major types of carbohydrates o Monosaccharides o Disaccharides o Polysaccharides a) Carbohydrates o Monosaccharides : o simple sugars C6H12O6 (***table 9.2***) Glucose Fructose Galactose a) Carbohydrates o Disaccharides o double sugars (***table 9.2***) o Maltose (glu & glu) o sucrose (glu & fru) o lactose (glu & gal) a) Carbohydrates o Polysaccharides: complex sugars o long chains of mono and disaccharides b) Proteins o Proteins perform a variety of important functions in the body. o They are made up of long chains of amino acids o the configuration of these amino acids is very important in determining the function that a protein performs b) Proteins o Amino acids are small molecules that are the building blocks of all proteins o composed of N, C, H, & O o Have an amino group and an acid group b) Proteins o There are 20 different amino acids that combine in different ways to produce a wide variety of proteins needed by the body o Necessary amino acids: o 11 of the amino acids are able to be produced in the body if required o Essential amino acids o The other 9 must be absorbed through digestion from the foods that we eat, these amino acids are called b) Proteins o Some proteins act as enzymes, structures that speed up the rate of a reaction (catalysts), playing major roles in digestion o Proteins are also important structural components of muscle, tendons, ligaments, bones and teeth b) Proteins o Enzymes b) Proteins o Proteins found in the food that we eat are known as either complete or incomplete o Complete proteins: Contain all nine of the essential amino acids (a.a.) oExamples are meat fish, eggs, and dairy products o Incomplete proteins: lack one or more of the essential a.a. oExamples come from foods produced by plants c) Fats and other Lipids o More properly called triglycerides, fats and lipids provide important functions in the body o Energy storage/reservoir o Cushioning of vital organs o Insulation o Steroids o Phospholipids c) Fats and other Lipids o Triglyceride is a 3 Carbon chain glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids joined to it. c) Fats and other Lipids o Fatty acids are long chains of molecules that are joined together. (fig. 9.6 p.213) o Saturated: Every available bond on the Carbon atoms contain hydrogen atoms (Fig. 9.6) o Unsaturated: Places where hydrogen is missing c) Fats and other Lipids D) Nucleic Acids o Building Blocks of DNA o Specific order of bases codes for building everything that the cells/body needs oA oG oC oT oU Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Uracil a) Dehydration Synthesis o The formation of long chains of carbohydrates or proteins or fats uses a process called Dehydration synthesis QuickTime™ and a TIFF (U ncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis o Splitting apart the subunits with water. o Carbohydrates o Proteins o Fats