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KEY - Questions for Respiration and Photosynthesis 1. What are oxidation/reduction reactions? Chem. rxns that involve a partial or complete transfer of e- from one reactant to another 2. The ETC involves a series of redox reactions in which electrons pass from carrier to carrier down to oxygen the final electron acceptor. 3. What are the three main stages of cellular respiration? Glycolysis, prep for and citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation 4. What is the general equation? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6CO2 + 6 H20 5. Define chemiosmosis. Generation of ATP from the movement of H+ ions thru ATP synthases 6. What are the two types of respiration? Aerobic (oxygen) anaerobic (without oxygen) 7. Which yields more ATP? Aerobic (36-38 ATP per glucose) 8. What are the two types of anaerobic respiration? Lactic acid and alcoholic 9. Which makes your muscles sore? Lactic acid 10. Both begin with what process? Glycolysis 11. Does this process require oxygen ? NO 12. Where does this process occur>? cytoplasm 13. What are the end products of gylcolysis? 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 NET ATP 14. What is pyruvate? Forms at end of glycolysis - 3 C compound (there are 2 of them created) 15. Before pyruvate can enter the citric acid cycle what has to happen? Enzyme process pyruvate, CO2 (2) is released creating a 2 C compound which joins with CoA and NADH (2) is generated 16. What is released and what is created? CO2 and NADH is created (2 of each bc 2 molecules of pyruvte) 17. What is the CAC? Citric Acid Cycle – occurs in mitochondria 18. What are the end products? 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP and 2 CO2 – double bc 2 pyrvates therefore 2 acetly Coa….. (6,2,2,4) 19. What is the role of NADP and FADH? Electron carriers…. Shuttle e- to ETC *** Final e- acceptor is OXYGEN 20. How is ATP generated? Oxidative phosphorylation – in mitochondria (etc and chemiosmosis – generating ATP by moving H+ ions through ATP synthase) 21. What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration? Oxygen 22. Fats and proteins are converted into intermediates/molecules that can enter glycolysis and CAC (fats are first broken down into fatty acids and glycerol) 23. What yield the most ATP per gram? FATS 24. In respiration GLUCOSE is oxidized into CO2 and OXYGEN is reduced into WATER 25. In photosynthesis WATER is oxidized into O2 and CO2 is reduced into GLUCOSE 26. What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6 H20 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 27. What are the products of the light reactions? O2 gas released(water is split), ATP and NADPH – used in Calvin 28. Where do they occur? Thylakoid membranes 29. What are the products of the dark reactions? G3P (used to make glucose and other organic molecules), 30. Where do they occur? Stroma 31. Describe the structure of the chloroplast and mitochondria. SEE BOARD 32. What happens when a pigment absorbs a photon? e-gets excited (is unstable) and is raised from the ground state 33. Where are photosystems located? Thylakoid – contain chlorophyll 34. Where do light rxns take place (thylakoid) dark rxns (stroma) 35. What is G3P? end product of Calvin aka dark rxn used to make glucose and other organic molecules), ALSO part of GLYCOLYSIS (intermediate before pyruvate) 36. How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one glucose molecule? 6 (if each CO2 enters one at a time) 37. What is the final electron acceptor in photosynthesis? NADP it becomes NADPH 38. What is the main goal of the light rxns? To make NADPH and ATP The dark rxns? Fix CO2 into sugar 39. What advantage do C4 and CAM plants have over C3 plants? Help plants in hot/dry env. to make glucose and conserve water efficiently 40. WATER is oxidized in photosynthesis into Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide is reduced into GLUCOSE 41. RUBISCO most abundant enzyme on earth – combines CO2 and RuBp 42. Respiration (mitochondria) takes energy from food and converts it into ATP, photosynthesis (chloroplasts) transforms light energy into food Process Uses oxygen Fixes carbon dioxide Electron transport chain Endergonic/anabolic Exergonic/catabolic Calvin cycle Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle Oxidation/reduction rxn Water is split and oxygen released Makes G3P Makes pyruvate Uses ATP synthases Uses chemiosmosis Photophosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Used by plants Used by animals Occurs in chloroplast Occurs in mitochondria Rubisco Glucose produced Oxygen formed as waste Light and water needed ATP and NADPH produced ATP and NADH produced ATP and NADPH used Net gain 2 ATP Net gain 32-34 ATP Occurs in both plants and animals Photo Light Dark Rxns Rxns Glycolysis Resp Krebs ETC X X X X X X X X X X X X (Intermediate) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X CYTOPLASM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X