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Cellular Respiration
Taking energy from food to do work..
Chapter 9-1
AUTOTROPHS
___________ use
energy from sunlight or
chemicals to make their
own food
In the last chapter green plants
PHOTOSYNTHESIS to
used ________________
sunlight
trap energy from __________
and make ______________
food (glucose)
In this chapter, we will learn how
broken down by
this glucose is ____________
energy
organisms and the _______
is stored
as _______
ATP
in a
process
called
___________________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What kind of organisms do this?
What kind of organisms do this?
plants
______
fungi
______
animals
________
(Including humans
_______)
bacteria
______
ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!
How do we get the sugar from the plants?
REMEMBER!
_______________
HETEROTROPHS get
their energy by eating
other organisms.
We get the energy the plants stored as
eating plants directly
glucose by _____________
or eating the _________
animals that ate
the plants.
Cellular Respiration
O2 and glucose enter cells,
which release H2O and CO2.
H2 O
CO2
intermembrane
space
cristae
Mitochondria use
energy from
glucose to form ATP
from ADP + P .
ADP +
P
ATP
REMEMBER CELL BIO
Area with gel-like material
inside cell membrane
surrounding mitochondria
CYTOPLASM
= ______________________
Power plant of cell
that burns glucose
and stores the energy
as ATP
= _______________
mitochondria
MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant
Surrounded by ___________
DOUBLE membrane
Outer membrane & Inner membrane
CRISTAE
(called _______________
)
Space between inner membrane
& outer membrane
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
= ____________________
Space inside cristae folds
MATRIX
= _________________
CYTOPLASM surrounds mitochondria
All organisms
(heterotrophs AND autotrophs)
energy in food to
use the _____________
ATP
charge up their _______
This process of releasing the
energy from FOOD (glucose)
ATP =
to make _____
________________
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
slowly
happens __________
many steps
in ________________.
If all the energy was released in
one step… most would be lost as
light and heat
____________________!
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6 CO
6H O
2 + _________
2
___________
+ ___________
C6H12O6 + __________
6O2
→_______________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + _________
6 CO2 + __________
6 H2O + __________
6O2 →________
_____________
The two equations are exact opposites!
______________________________________________________________
UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY
Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of
calorie
water 1◦ Celsius = _______________
Unit for measuring energy in food
Calorie
= _______________
1000 calories
1 Calorie = _________
Remember from Photosynthesis?
+
NADP
High energy electron carrier = ___________
Cellular respiration uses
some different carriers
to transport high energy
electrons.
+
NAD
FAD
_______ & ________
2 e + H+
________ + _________
NAD+
→
FAD
e- + 2H+
________
+ 2
_________
____________
→
____________
The first step in cellular respiration
= __________________
GLYCOLYSIS
Glycolysis happens in
CYTOPLASM
the ________________
outside the mitochondria
See glycolysis movie
Glycolysis
(GLYKOS = ________
sweet LYSIS= ___________
split apart )
Glycolysis ____________________________
DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN
BUT it needs some ____________to
get it
ENERGY
started.
What molecule do you think is going to
supply the energy do this?
ATP
GLYCOLYSIS
________
↓
GLUCOSE
___________
ATP
→
ATP
→
↓
ATP
ATP
2_____________
PYRUVIC ACID
NADH
NADH
____________________ + _______________
4 ATP’s
2 ATP’s and GET BACK __________
PUT IN ________
Net gain of ________
2 ATP’s and __________
2 NADH
PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
= ANAEROBIC
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= AEROBIC
PYRUVIC ACID ___________
WITHOUT OXYGEN
ANAEROBIC
2 kinds of fermentation
Alcoholic
Lactic acid
___________________
& _____________________
10 ALCOHOLIC
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
FERMENTATION
ALCOHOL + ______
CO2 + NAD
→__________
_____+
Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise
air spaces in bread
CO2 bubbles make _____________
evaporates
Alcohol _______________
during cooking
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
ALCOHOL+ ______
CO2 + NAD
→__________
_____+
Happens when
beer
yeast
___________
make _______
or
bacteria
wine
____________
make ______
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
+
LACTIC
ACID
NAD
→______________ + ________
muscles
Happens in _____________
during
____________when
body
exercise
can’t get oxygen to tissues
fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in
muscles causing soreness
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
+
LACTIC
ACID
NAD
→______________ + ________
Happens when bacteria are used
food
to make __________and
beverages
____________
like:
Yogurt, buttermilk,
sauerkraut, pickles, cheese
sour cream, & kimchi
WHY DO FERMENTATION?
WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING
GLYCOLYSIS?
WITHOUT OXYGEN,
PYRUVIC ACID
builds up
___________
and all the
NAD+ carriers get full.
_______
Eventually glycolysis will
NAD+
PYRUVIC
ACID +_____
_______
+
CO
NAD
→ALCOHOL
__________ + ______
2 + _____
LACTIC ACID
+
NAD
______
You get the NAD+ carriers back
FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells
+
REGENERATE
the
NAD
can ____________________
needed to keep glycolysis going
Products of Fermentation
29
Products of Fermentation
30
Products of Fermentation
31
Flooded Corn
Field
Plants do
photosynthesis
____________
but
plants need ______________________
oxygen for cellular respiration
too. If plants seeds are under water 3
days or more, the seeds will die. If a
plants roots are under water for 3 days
or more, the plants will die.
Spontaneous Human Combustion?
Is it real?
NO!!
KREBS CYCLE
&
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
Chapter 9-2
REMEMBER:
The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis.
The presence or absence of _______________
OXYGEN
decides which path it takes next.
Flowchart
Cellular
Respiration
Section 9-2
We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This
is the path that is taken when oxygen is
present.
Glucose
(C6H1206)
+
Oxygen
(02)
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
KREBS CYCLE
_______________
follows glycolysis if
oxygen is present
• See Khan video
See video 9D
• KREBS CYCLE (detailed)
Simple KREBS version
REMEMBER:
Glycolysis happens in
CYTOPLASM
the ________________
outside the mitochondria.
Krebs cycle happens in
_____________
MATRIX
inside the mitochondria
PYRUVIC
ACID
_______________
(also called pyruvate)
enters the
MITOCHONDRION
_________________
Pyruvic acid joins
COENZYME A
with _______________
to form
________________
ACETYL - CoA
WHERE DO THESE GO?
Carbon dioxide is
released into the
atmosphere
________________
High energy electron
carriers move into the
____________________
ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
CHAIN
(We will come back to this later)
Citric Acid Formation:
Krebs Cycle Animation-(select #2)
2 carbon ACETYL-COA combines with a
4 carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon
molecule called _______________
.
citric acid
WHERE DO THESE GO?
Coenzyme A goes
back to pick up
another
Pyruvic acid
________________
Citric acid
completes the
____________
KREBS
CYCLE
KREBS
CYCLE
KREBS CYCLE
PRODUCES
3
____
1
____
1
____
____
4
WHERE DOES IT GO?
6 carbons in original glucose are lost
as ________________
to atmosphere
Carbon dioxide
→
WHERE DO THESE GO?
ATP can be used directly
energy
to supply __________
for the cell.
High energy electron
carriers move into the
ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
____________________
CHAIN
Flowchart
Cellular Respiration
Section 9-2
We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain.
Glucose
(C6H1206)
+
Oxygen
(02)
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN?
Glycolysis
KREBS
ET
WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN?
Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
are located in the
___________________________
Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
Glycolysis
KREBS
ET
• See Khan video
See ETC video
• e- Transport Chain(detailed)
Simple ETC version
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
INTERMEMBRANE
SPACE
CRISTAE
MATRIX
Electron Transport Chain:
High-energy _____________
electrons
from __________
NADH and __________
FADH2
are passed along the electron transport
chain.
Energy from passing electrons is used
to transport _____________________
Hydrogen ions (H+)
across the membrane.
Electron Transport Chain Animation(select start, continue, and #1)
Electron Transport Chain:
The pumping of H+ ions into the
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE represents
_______________________
potential energy that is harnessed to
make ATP.
As H+ ions escape through ion channels
ATP SYNTHASE
back into the matrix, ________________
spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to
ATP
form _______
Electron Transport Chain Animation
(select start, continue, and #3)
Electron Transport Chain:
OXYGEN
________________
serves as the final
electron acceptor of the electron transport
chain.
At the end of the electron transport chain,
an enzyme combines the electrons with
the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form
______________
water (H2O)
Electron Transport Chain Animation-(#1 and #2)
NADH come in
High-energy electrons from ________
at beginning but electrons from _________
FADH2
come in farther down the chain.
SO:
→
FADH2 →
NADH
3 ATP’s
_____
2 ATP’s
_____
Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview
WHATS THE BIG PICTURE?
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons
carried in
NADH and
FADH2
Pyruvic
acid
Glucose
Cytoplasm
1
3
2
Mitochondrion
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
includes:
GLYCOLYSIS
______________________
KREBS CYCLE
______________________
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
_______________________
GLYCOLYSIS
Happens in CYTOPLASM
______________
outside mitochondria
1 glucose
Breaks down ____________
into ________________
2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
Produces
2
_______
2
__________
KREBS CYCLE
MATRIX
happens in ________________
inside mitochondria
Breaks down _________________
2 pyruvic acid
Produces:
2
____
____
8____
____
2
6
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
cristae
Enzymes found in _____________
inner membrane of mitochondria
Uses high energy electrons and H+ ions
NADH
FADH2
donated by _______
and _______
32 (net) ATP
Makes ___________
OXYGEN acts a final
________
H2O
electron acceptor to produce ________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
(aerobic/ with oxygen):
36 ATP
1 glucose → _______________
FERMENTATION
(anaerobic/ without oxygen):
2 ATP
1 glucose → ________________
Remember !
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
Cells burn GLUCOSE
for their energy needs
Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
EXERCISE and ENERGY
http://www.therunningdoctor.com/runinjuries.htm
(Short term energy)
SMALL
Cells normally contain _________
amounts of ATP produced by
GLYCOLYSIS
_______________
&
__________________________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
(only enough for a few seconds of activity)
LACTIC ACID
Once this ATP is used up_____________
fermentation can provide enough ATP
90 seconds
to last about ___________________.
EXERCISE and ENERGY
(Short term energy)
Lactic acid
Once race is over, _______________
must be broken down using oxygen.
trained
Well __________
athletes burn
lactic acid more
efficiently.
EXERCISE and ENERGY
(LONGER term energy)
For exercise longer than 90 seconds
Cellular respiration
_____________________
is the only
way to make enough ATP.
Cellular respiration releases energy
more slowly than fermentation.
_____________
Well conditioned athletes must pace
themselves during a long race.
What happens in a long race
when the body’s glucose all
is used up?
REMEMBER
Animal cells store
GLUCOSE as
_____________
GLYCOGEN
to use later.
Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif
EXERCISE and ENERGY
(LONGER term energy)
MUSCLES
________________
store glucose
as ________________
which can
glycogen
be broken down into glucose to
15-20 minutes
supply energy for_______________
of activity.
EXERCISE and ENERGY
(LONGER term energy)
After glycogen stores are
used up the body begins to
FAT
break down ________
That’s why aerobic exercise
must continue for longer than
20 minutes if you want to
lose weight!
Let’s have a contest….
Crossword Puzzle (1 partner only)
• http://local.brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/ch9respiration/BIO%209%20re
spiration.html
Rules:
1) Get puzzle done ASAP
2) Show results to your teacher
3) Most Correct answers WINS!!
Cellular Respiration Fill In
• http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/U2RespFillin.htm
Cellular Respiration Matching
• http://local.brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/ch9respiration/potatoes%20cel
lrespiration.htm