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http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg Cellular Respiration Overview Lecture 1 http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif AUTOTROPHS ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food In the last chapter green plants PHOTOSYNTHESIS used ________________ sunlight trap energy from __________ food (glucose) and make ______________ http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif In this chapter we will learn how HETEROTROPHS ______________ get their energy by consuming other organisms. GLUCOSE We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS when we eat plants or eat animals that ate the plants. http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm In this chapter, we will learn how broken down by this glucose is ____________ energy organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ ATP What kind of organisms do this? ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! All organisms burn glucose for fuel plants fungi Animals (Including humans) bacteria PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6___________ CO2 +6_________ H2O + ___________ C6H12O6 + __________ 6O2 →_______________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 + _________ 6 CO2 + __________ 6 H2O + __________ 6O2 →________ _____________ The two equations are exact opposites! ______________________________________________________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ slowly in ________________. many steps If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________! light and heat See why cells use cellular respiration http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step • Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and captured as ATP • Electron route: food → NADH → ETC → oxygen • Similar to photosynthesis ETC, just different electron acceptor MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ DOUBLE membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane CRISTAE (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane INTERMEMBRANE SPACE = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds = _________________ MATRIX HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS FAD → FADH2 NAD+ → NADH Steps of Cellular Respiration Lecture 2 The first step in cellular respiration = _______________ GLYCOLYSIS • CYTOPLASM •happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria • occurs _________________________ with or without oxygen See glycolysis movie Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ sweet LYSIS= ___________ Split apart ) ENERGY Requires ____________to get it started. Evolutionary Significance • Most widespread metabolic pathway… suggests ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before oxygen was present • Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago • Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound organelles suggests it was found in early prokaryotic cells since eukaryotes appeared 1 billion years after prokaryotes (Endosymbiotic theory) SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION = using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add MITOCHONDRION aP directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP = ANAEROBIC IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC Cellular respiration •Glycolysis: cytosol; glucose → pyruvate •Kreb’s Cycle: •mitochondrial matrix; •pyruvate → CO2 •NADH made Electron Transport Chain: cristae; NADH & FADH2 donate electrons → oxygen Pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion and Acetyl CoA produced For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA 1 molecule of CO2 is released; NAD+ ---> NADH; Krebs Cycle AnimationCoenzyme A (from B vitamin) Kreb’s Cycle = Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Animation OAA CITRIC ACID Kreb’s Cycle • Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid • CoA recycles • 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2 For each pyruvate that enters: 2 CO2 released 3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH; 1 FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH2 (riboflavin, B vitamin); 1 ATP molecule Electron transport chain NADH More on Making ATP FADH2 • 3 places in the chain make ATP • Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they generate more ATP than FADH2 electrons, which start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step. Electron transport chain • ETC includes Cytochromes Ubiquinone (Q) • NADH & FADH2 pass electrons pass down ETC • Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+ ions in __________________ intermembrane space ATP synthase • ________________: harnesses the flow of H+ back into the matrix make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) H O 2 Oxygen is final electron acceptor → ________ • ________ Cellular Respiration Grand Total • Glycolysis: →2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation: 2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP 38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria) NET of 36 ATP CHEMIOSMOSIS = Generation of ATP from a proton gradient. It occurs in all living things Chloroplasts do it to make ATP in light reactions Mitochondria do it to make ATP following ETC http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html Prokaryotes create gradient across cell membrane to make ATP to pump nutrients & waste and move flagella PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION = Using hydrogen gradient generated by thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP CHLOROPLAST OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION = using proton gradient created by electron transport chain in cristae membrane to make ATP MITOCHONDRION • In cellular respiration, decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport is involved in thermoregulation • ADD MORE DETAILS Fermentation WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN? = ANAEROBIC IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC Related metabolic processes Fermentation: • alcohol~ pyruvate →ethanol • lactic acid~ pyruvate → lactate ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL + ______ CO2 + NAD →__________ _____+ • Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise • CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread • Alcohol evaporates during cooking http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL+ ______ CO2 + NAD →__________ _____+ Used to make alcoholic beverages http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →______________ + ________ Happens in muscles during exercise when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →______________ + ________ Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID builds up ___________ and all the NAD+ carriers get full. _______ Eventually glycolysis will NAD+ PYRUVIC ACID +_____ _______ + CO NAD →ALCOHOL __________ + ______ 2 + _____ LACTIC ACID + NAD ______ You get the NAD+ carriers back FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells + REGENERATE the NAD can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES __________________________ = organisms that can make ATP using either fermentation or cellular respiration Ex: yeast and many bacteria With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle Without oxygen → fermentation Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel Beta oxidation= __________________= breakdown of fatty acids into 2 carbon fragments that enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA 1 g of fat → twice as much ATP as 1 g of carbohydrate