Download Metabolism, Lectures 25-27 Quadrant – 2 - vtu-nptel

MODULE 12: Metabolism, Lectures 25-27
Quadrant – 2
Animations:
Metabolic Process Location biology Animation - LearnersTV
www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=176&cat=biology
Download the free Adobe Flash Player to view this animation. Metabolic Process.
Location. Introduction. Interactive exercise. Mobilization and Storage. Last.
Fatty Acid Metabolism biology Animation - LearnersTV
www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=172&cat=biology
Fatty Acid Metabolism biology Animation. ... Download the free Adobe Flash Player to
view this animation. Fatty Acid Metabolism. Introduction. Fed State.
Normal Metabolism - YouTube ► 2:21► 2:21
www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8FKmjLzd3A
Aug 13, 2011 - Uploaded by HighImpactGraphics
Medical Animations by High Impact Graphics. Learn more at HighImpact.com or give
us a call at 800-749-2184.
introduction to metabolism - DnaTube.com - Scientific Video and ...►►
www.dnatube.com/video/.../introduction-to-metabol...
this interactive animation helps you to understand the metabolism in the cell.
Fat Metabolism
classroom.sdmesa.edu/rfremland/Chem%20160/fatmetabolism.ppt
Can mobilize from adipose; Release as Fatty acids; Epinephrene and glucagon release
cAMP. make fatty acids and glycerol; mobilizes fat. Animation of Process.
Metabolism - Beta-Oxidation
nutrition.jbpub.com/animations/animations.cfm?id=23&debug=0
To extract energy from fat, the body first breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and
fatty acids. Fatty acids are metabolized to multiple units of acetyl CoA by the ...
Cell metabolism - Human cells - Higher Sciences - Education Scotland
www.educationscotland.gov.uk/highersciences/.../cellmetabolism/index.a...
This sub unit explores the control and regulation of metabolic pathways. ... Cell
metabolism. This sub ... The animation illustrates the latter stages of respiration.
Metabolism. Regulation of Metabolism. - Johnwiley.net.au
www.johnwiley.net.au/highered/interactions/media/.../frameset.htm
Metabolism during the early postabsorptive state. 3.2. Metabolism during the late
postabsorptive state. Step forward. Play. Animation. Step back. Sound. Links.
Metabolic Pathways ATP Synthase Animation Series | Sigma-Aldrich
www.sigmaaldrich.com › ... › Learning Center › Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways ATP Synthase Animation Series. Dr Nicholson, the IUBMB and
Sigma-Aldrich are proud to begin our metabolic pathways animation series ...
Page 1 of 22
Animation: carbohydrate digestion - myDr.com.au
www.mydr.com.au › Nutrition & Weight
View our animation of how foods containing carbohydrate are digested by your body
into glucose. See the part insulin plays in helping glucose to enter your fat ...
Metabolism - Life science (biology) | Flash simulation, Animation ...
www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/n46-metabolism
Making Science Accessible to All! World's largest online library of interactive
animations in science education. ... Life science. Metabolism. 11 medias ...
Lipid metabolism animation - Doctor insights on HealthTap
https://www.healthtap.com/topics/lipid-metabolism-animation
Helpful, trusted answers from Doctors: Dr. Cattano on lipid metabolism animation: If
your LDL is elevated and/or your HDL is low and/or your triglycerides are ...
Metabolism – Lipids | Biochemistry for Medics – Lecture Notes
www.namrata.co/category/metabolism-lipids/
Multiple choice questions- Lipid metabolism (Revision)- Set-2. Published ......
http://www.namrata.co/animations-links-fatty-acid-synthesis/. Please help ...
[Animation] - Lipid metabolism - Biology Forums
biology-forums.com › Others › Notes | Tutorials | Articles
Micelle. Bile surrounding. the micelle. Hydrophilic. 'heads' of lipid. Lipid metabolism
is. molecules. a complicated. process, but the.
Lipoprotein Metabolism : Animation video - Best Medical Videos
tube.medchrome.com/.../lipoprotein-metabolism-animation-video.html
[starttext] Composition of Lipoproteins: Consists of non-polar core (Mainly
Triglycerides and cholesteryl esters); A single surface layer of amphipathic ...
metabolism.swf - web.biosci.utexas.edu
web.biosci.utexas.edu/.../MicrobiologyAnimations/Animations/MetabolicPa...
Loading Flash animation. ... Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that
take place in an organism. Metabolism includes catabolism and anabolism.
Metabolism- Biochemistry - SlideShare
www.slideshare.net/burhanumerchaudhry/metabolism-biochemistry
Mar 23, 2012 - METABOLISM. ... Energy metabolism: the ways that the body obtains
and spends energy from ... 08 Lecture Animation Ppt 8913 views Like.
Metabolism of proteins - myTeachingPlace
www.myteachingplace.com.au/.../haemolysis_osmosis_diffusion_plasmo...
Homepage » Resources » Metabolism of proteins. Metabolism of proteins. 1; 2; 3; 4; 5.
( Users Rating: 0.00, Votes: 0, Your vote: 0.00 ) ... Animation. Teaching type ...
Alcohol metabolism - TeacherTube ►►
www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id...
body systems alcohol alcoholism addiction abuse nsquad n-squad middle school
animation game free online ...
metabolism animation - Data on AvaxHome
avaxsearch.com/?q=metabolism%20animation
Functional Metabolism of Cells is the first comprehensive survey of metabolism,
offering an in-depth examination of metabolism and regulation of carbohydrates, ...
Page 2 of 22
Biology Animations: Lipoprotein Metabolism Animation 2
biology-animations.blogspot.com/.../lipoprotein-metabolism-animation-2...
Biology Animations. Biology Animations includes ... Lipoprotein Metabolism
Animation 2 ... Etiketler: lipid metabolism, Lipoprotein metabolism, physiology ...
Illustrations:
Metabolism Illustrations and Clipart. 213 Metabolism royalty free ...
www.canstockphoto.com/illustration/metabolism.html
213 Metabolism illustrations and clipart. Affordable Royalty Free Stock Photography.
Downloads for just $1.00, with thousands of images added daily.
Metabolism Stock Illustrations | Getty Images US
www.gettyimages.com/creative/metabolism-stock-illustrations
View and license metabolism stock photos, illustrations and other Creative photography
from Getty Images.
Cellular metabolism - HealthKnot health pages
www.healthknot.com/cellular_metabolism.html
Diagram bellow is the very basic illustration of cellular metabolism; that is, how cells
use digested food molecules assimilated from the bloodstream in catabolic ...
Metabolism Stock Photos, Metabolism Stock Photography ...
www.shutterstock.co.in/s/metabolism/search.html
Results 1 - 100 of 2379 - Download metabolism stock photos, vectors, and illustration
at affordable rates. Search over 32 million royalty-free images and premium ...
Introduction to Metabolism | Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews:… - Inkling
https://www.inkling.com/read/illustrated.../introduction-to-metabolism
Free interactive eBook preview | Glycolysis | 8 I. Figure 8.1 Glycolysis, an example of a
metabolic pathway. In Chapter 5 Figure 8.1 2 3 Figure 8.2 Important ...
Scientific Illustrations | Prostaglandin E2 Metabolism || Cayman ...
https://www.caymanchem.com/.../scientificIllustrations,Illustration.../illust...
Prostaglandin E2 Metabolism. Click image to enlarge. A schematic diagram showing
the metabolism of PGE2 via the 15-hydroxy PGDH pathway. Authored July ...
Insulin and Metabolism
elearn.pharmacy.ac.uk/Diabetes/diabetes_07.htm
Carbohydrate Metabolism: In skeletal and cardiac muscle and adipose tissue, glucose
cannot ... The diagram is an illustration of the mechanism by which the.
Illustrations Depicting chrmosome 15 and the UBE3A Gene
www.peds.ufl.edu/divisions/genetics/programs/.../ube3a_gene.htm
Division of Genetics and Metabolism ... The diagram illustrates one of this most
common ways that the gene can be disrupted: by a large chromosome deletion ...
Metabolism
www.sjchs.org/TransADAM/HIE%20Multimedia/1/002257.html
Sep 3, 2012 - Metabolism refers to all the physical and chemical processes in the body
... Approach to inborn errors of metabolism. ... Metabolism - illustration.
Page 3 of 22
Metabolic Pathways - MP4 - Regulation Enzyme Activity
employees.csbsju.edu/.../Metabolism/MetPathways4_RegEnzActn.html
MP4. Regulation of Metabolic Pathways A: How is enzyme activity regulated? ... The
list below, illustrated in the following figure, gives common ways to regulate ...
Cardiac Metabolism in Heart Failure - Circulation Research
circres.ahajournals.org/content/113/6/709.figures-only
Schematic representation of classic pathways of cardiac metabolism. ... Simplified
illustration of the relationship between cardiac metabolism and contractile ...
Stock Illustration of Dopamine Metabolism DOPMETAB - Search ...
www.fotosearch.com/LIF119/dopmetab/
Dopamine Metabolism stock illustration by LifeART. DOPMETAB Fotosearch Stock
Photography and Stock Footage helps you find the perfect photo or footage, ...
Metabolism - Adam.com
keckmedicine.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=117&pid=1&gid...
Sep 3, 2012 - Metabolism. Metabolism refers to all the physical and chemical processes
in the body that convert or use energy, such as: ... illustration ...
Bilirubin Metabolism Medical Illustration Medivisuals
www.medivisuals.com › Medical Negligence Exhibits › Hematology
Schematic diagram showing liver physiology and bilirubin metabolism.
Nutrition & Metabolism | Instructions for Authors | Research Articles
www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/authors/instructions/research
Submission process | Preparing main manuscript text | Preparing illustrations and
figures | Preparing tables | Preparing additional files | Style and language.
Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy, Physiology, Metabolic Disorders ...
www.amazon.com › Books › Medical Books › Basic Sciences › Anatomy
Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy, Physiology, Metabolic Disorders (Netter Collection
of Medical Illustrations, Volume 8, Part 1) [Frank H. Netter] on ...
Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry 5th edition - IBK
ibk.mf.uni-lj.si/people/phudler/Biochemistry%205th%20Edition.pdf
eviews. 5th edition. Lippincott's. Illustrated. Reviews. Richard Harvey. Denise Ferrier
.... Chapter 12: Metabolism of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides 137.
Video demonstrations:
Metabolism - part 1 - YouTube► 6:40► 6:40
www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUtfF2qnzGo
Jun 22, 2007 - Uploaded by Eli Har
The metabolic pathways that produce energy create important environmental .
Energy Metabolism - YouTube ► 8:45► 8:45
www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeiV6838Zcg
Oct 1, 2010 - Uploaded by Title3ASUMH
You need Adobe Flash Player to watch this video. ... Energy Metabolism ... The
UltraMind Solution: Key #6 ...
Page 4 of 22
Metabolism Videos
tv.naturalnews.com/metabolism.asp
Metabolism videos. ... 11/11/2011 1:07:42 PM - Dr. Jan McBarron, M.D., N.D.
provides metabolism facts and the impact the metabolism has on weight gain, ...
17. Carbon and Energy Metabolism | MIT Video
video.mit.edu/.../17-carbon-and-energy-metabolism...
Carbon and Energy Metabolism. MIT 7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2005. View
the complete materials ...
Carbon and Energy Metabolism Video Lecture, MIT
freevideolectures.com › Biology › MIT
Carbon and Energy Metabolism Video Lecture, MIT Course, Biology, Youtube Free
Download, video training Tutorials, Penny Chisholm.
introduction to metabolism - DnaTube.com - Scientific Video and ...
www.dnatube.com/video/.../introduction-to-metabol...
this interactive animation helps you to understand the metabolism in the cell.
Basics of Metabolism | Growth and Metabolism | Khan Academy
www.khanacademy.org/partner...metabolism/v/basics-of-metabolism
Explore some fundamental activities of a cell, which include both constructing and
taking apart important molecules that store energy. These videos do not ...
Introduction to cellular respiration | Carbohydrate Metabolism | Khan ...
www.khanacademy.org/...metabolism/.../introduction-to-cellular-re...
by Salman Khan - in 10,830 Google+ circles
Use this menu to view and help create subtitles for this video in many different
languages. You'll probably want to hide YouTube's captions if using these ...
NCHPAD : Energy Metabolism During Activity-Promoting Video ...
www.ncpad.org/.../Energy~Metabolism~During~Activity-Promoting~Vi...
Energy metabolism during activity-promoting video games practice in subjects with
spinal cord injury: evidences for health promotion. European Journal of ...
Lipid Metabolism in Humans - TeacherTube
www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id...
Seven & one half minute blackboard video on Lipid Metabolism in humans.
Direct drug metabolism monitoring in a live single hepatic cell by ...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22451357
The metabolism of anti-breast cancer drug, tamoxifen, in a single human hepatocellular
carcinoma cell, HepG2, was directly monitored by a video-mass ...
Lipid Metabolism in Humans - TeacherTube
www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id...
Seven & one half minute blackboard video on Lipid Metabolism in humans.
Video: What is Metabolism? | eHow ► 2:25► 2:25
www.ehow.com › Health
Understand what the metabolism is and how what you eat and do physically affects it
with expert health tips in ...
Page 5 of 22
introduction to metabolism ppt - instruction.green...
www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../Intro%20to%20Metabolism_Ch%208...
Concept 8.1: An organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the
laws of ... Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways.
The Metabolism-Boosting Superset Workout - Fitness Magazine
www.fitnessmagazine.com › ... › Lose Weight › Boost Your Metabolism
Burn, Baby, Burn: The Metabolism-Boosting Superset Workout. Our supersculpting
workout helps you ... Go on -- turn up the burn! Watch the workout video here.
Physiology Digestion and Metabolism - Download free content from ...
https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/...metabolism/id425400126?mt=10
Course in Physiology Digestion and Metabolism Trinity College Dublin ... 2,
VideoLecture 3 - Regulation of Digestive Function, Alan Tuffery 07/02/08, Allied ...
Video--Folate Metabolism and MTHFR: An Introduction, Benjamin ...
www.mecfsforums.com › General Category (Public) › General Discussion
Video--Folate Metabolism and MTHFR: An Introduction Presenter: Benjamin Lynch,
ND Five Additional Points: 1) Adjust Quality of video by ...
Video: Food and Flow for Metabolism - Spirit Voyage
www.spiritvoyage.com › Home › Recipes
Our friends at YogaMint shared this awesome video with us from their Food and Flow
series. In it, we learn a recipe for metabolism boosting ...
Carbohydrate metabolism, khanacademy courses video tutorials ...
www.onlinevideolecture.com/medical.../carbohydrate-metabolism/?...id...
Carbohydrate metabolism ,khanacademy course video tutorials and Lectures.
Endocrinology and Metabolism
www.endocrinology-and-metabolism.seronosymposia.org/
Six video presentations, four with accompanying slide presentations, are now ... Serono
Symposia International's activities in endocrinology and metabolism ...
Page 6 of 22
Quadrant – 3
Multiple Choice questions – chose correct answer:
1. The second law of thermodynamics essentially says
a) heat is energy
b) motion energy converts to heat energy
c) at the atomic level, motion is continuous
d) entropy increases
2. Which of the following is uncharacteristic of ATP?
a) It is formed by attaching a phosphate group to ADP with a high-energy bond.
b) In most reactions involving ATP, only the outer, high-energy bond is hydrolized.
c) It is a good long-term energy storage molecule.
d) When dephosphorylated, ATP becomes ADP.
3. The most primitive form of metabolism is
a) glycolysis
b) oxygen-forming photosynthesis
c) the degradation of organic molecules with the released energy stored in ATP
d) anaerobic respiration
4. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be
a) created
b) destroyed
c) converted
d) all of the above
5. The universal energy currency for all cells is
a) ATP
b) NAD+
c) ADP
d) O 2
6. Enzymes
a) make endergonic reactions proceed spontaneously
b) lower the activation energy of a reaction
c) are not very specific in their choice of substrates
d) are needed in large quantities because they are used up during catalysis
7. To what category of macromolecules do most enzymes belong?
a) carbohydrates
b) lipids
c) nucleic acids
d) proteins
Page 7 of 22
8. NAD+ is a(n)
a) enzyme
b) coenzyme
c) active site
d) high-energy bond
9. Which of the following is a reduced compound?
a) O 2
b) N 2
c) NAD+
d) NADH
10. In an endergonic reaction,
a) the reactants contain less free energy than the products
b) the reactants contain more free energy than the products
c) no activation energy is required
d) catalysis cannot occur
11. The energy of random molecular motion is called
a) heat
b) free energy
c) enthalpy
d) potential energy
12. The energy available to do work in a system is called
a) entropy
b) activation energy
c) free energy
d) heat
13. The initial steps in breaking down glucose are called
a) glycolysis
b) chemiosmosis
c) intramolecular catalysis
d) intermolecular catalysis
14. A catalyst will make a reaction
a) stop
b) slow down
c) speed up
d) go in a different direction
Page 8 of 22
15. When molecules are reduced they gain
a) energy
b) electrons
c) hydrogen protons
d) all of the above
16. Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?
a) some substrates can make enzymes change shape slightly
b) all enzymes have the same pH optimum
c) the active sites of all enzymes have the same three-dimensional shape
d) none of the above
17. Cofactors
a) break hydrogen bonds in proteins
b) help facilitate enzyme activity
c) increase activation energy
d) are linked to ATP by high-energy bonds
18. How much energy is released when one of the high-energy bonds in ATP is broken?
a) 730 cal/mole
b) 7.3 cal/mole
c) 7.3 kcal/mole
d) 73 kcal/mole
19. Why do drastic changes in the temperature or pH of a system alter enzyme activity?
a) they change the three-dimensional shape of the enzyme
b) they disrupt hydrogen and ionic bonds in the enzyme
c) they disrupt hydrophobic interactions in the enzyme
d) all of the above
20. The loss of an electron by a molecule is called
a) oxidation
b) reduction
c) enthalpy
d) allosteric inhibition
21. In the chemical equation G = H - TS, the term G stands for
a) entropy
b) the reactants
c) enthalpy
d) free energy
Page 9 of 22
22. NAD+
a) is being reduced.
b) is a coenzyme.
c) is an oxidizing agent.
d) all of the above.
23. Which of the following must be true for a reaction to occur spontaneously?
a) delta G must be negative
b) delta H must be negative
c) delta S must be positive
d) delta G must be positive
24. Redox reactions (oxidation-reduction)
a) do not occur in living systems
b) require the presence of oxygen
c) involve the loss of electrons termed oxidation
d) involve the gaining of energy by an oxidized substance
25. Which of the following is NOT an enzyme?
a) lipase
b) maltose
c) ribonuclease
d) dehydrogenase
26. Which of the following is considered a vitamin?
a) FAD
b) NAD+
c) coenzyme A (CoA)
d) niacin
27. Which of the following cell organelles convert one form of energy into another?
a) ribosomes
b) Golgi apparatus
c) chloroplast
d) lysosome
28. Which organelle converts energy stored in carbohydrates into ATP?
a) Golgi apparatus
b) chloroplast
c) mitochondria
d) nucleolus
Page 10 of 22
29. Which organelle will convert solar energy into the energy of a carbohydrate?
a) chloroplast
b) Golgi apparatus
c) mitochondria
d) nucleolus
State whether Tue/false:
1. In the malate dehydrogenase reaction, NAD+ is a reducing agent.
2. Energy is defined as the capacity to do work
3. Living systems continually take usable energy from the environment and eventually
return it as heat.
4. Energy cannot be created within a system.
5. Glucose is the common energy currency for the synthesis of molecules.
6. Enzymes can only be denatured by high temperatures.
7. Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
8. When it functions as a "second messenger", cAMP acts "second in importance" to
AMP
9. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed.
10. The letters ATP stand for adenosine triphosphate
Fill in the Blanks:
1. Metabolism may be divided into two categories ______________ and ____________
2. When muscles contract, chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy with the
loss of heat. This is an example of the ______ law of thermodynamics
3. The second law of thermodynamics says that ______.
4. _______ is a measure of randomness or disorder.
5. The sum of all chemical reactions occurring inside a living cell is called ______.
6. ATP is composed of ______.
7. The amount of energy (e.g., heat) needed for a reaction to occur is called the ______.
8. The breakdown of a single glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid is
called ________________
9. Lactic acid fermentation is also known as _________________ respiration
10. _______________ is the enzymatic formation of glycogen by the polymerization of
glucose molecules
11. The energy that is released from ATP when ATP is broken down comes from the
______
12. ______________ molecule is considered to be the energy currency of cells?
13. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down ________________
14. The major free energy sources for anabolic pathways are ___________________
Page 11 of 22
15. Basal metabolic rate can be measured directly by the amount of
______________________ produced and indirectly by the amount of
_____________________ consumed per minute.
16. That part of metabolism characterized by the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein,
glycogen, triglycerides, and other polymers is called _________________________
17. There
are
_________________________
essential
amino
acids
and
__________________ essential fatty acids that are necessary for normal metabolism
and that must be obtained from the diet.
18. The hormone from the pancreas that raises the plasma glucose concentrations, such as
during periods of fasting, or starving is _____________________
19. The two organs that can store energy reserves in the form of glycogen are the
______________ and ________________
Assignments (questions and solutions):
1. What is metabolism?
2. Discuss on the classification of metabolism
3. What are metabolic pathways?
4. Which are the molecules vital for life?
5. Explain the process of catabolism
6. Explain the mechanism of catabolism?
7. How does the energy released from organic compounds?
8. How does the energy transformation occur?
9. Explain the pathway that releases energy from inorganic compounds
10. How the energy does from light is captured?
11. Explain the biochemical process of anabolism
12. How does Carbon fixation occur in a cell?
13. Explain the process involving generation of carbohydrates and glycans
14. Discuss on synthesis of fatty acids, isoprenoids and steroids
15. Discuss briefly on protein biosynthesis
16. Explain the process of nucleotide synthesis and salvage
17. Discuss briefly on thermodynamics of living organisms
18. Give brief account on regulation and control of metabolic pathways
19. Give brief account on the effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism.
Page 12 of 22
Quadrant – 4
Supplementary reading:
1. ROSE, S. and MILEUSNIC, R (1999) The Chemistry of Life. (Penguin Press Science),
ISBN 0-14-027273-9.
2. BERG, J. TYMOCZKO, J. and STRYER, L., Biochemistry. (W. H. Freeman and Company,
2002), ISBN 0-7167-4955-6.
3. COX, M. and NELSON, D. L., Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2004), ISBN 0-7167-4339-6.
4. SCHNEIDER, E. D. and SAGAN, D., Into the Cool: Energy Flow, Thermodynamics, and
Life. (University Of Chicago Press, 2005), ISBN 0-226-73936-8.
5. Nelson, David L.; Michael M. Cox (2005). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.
New York: W. H. Freeman and company. p. 841. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6.
6. LANE, N., Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World. (Oxford University Press,
USA, 2004), ISBN 0-19-860783-0.
7. BROCK, T. D. MADIGAN, M. T. MARTINKO, J. and PARKER J., Brock's Biology of
Microorganisms. (Benjamin Cummings, 2002), ISBN 0-13-066271-2.
8. DA SILVA, J.J.R.F. and WILLIAMS, R. J. P., The Biological Chemistry of the Elements:
The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. (Clarendon Press, 1991), ISBN 0-19-855598-9
9. Sakami W, Harrington H (1963). "Amino acid metabolism". Annu Rev Biochem 32:
355–98. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.32.070163.002035. PMID 14144484.
10. Rademacher T, Parekh R, Dwek R (1988). "Glycobiology". Annu Rev Biochem 57:
785–838. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.004033. PMID 3052290.
11. Opdenakker G, Rudd P, Ponting C, Dwek R (1993). "Concepts and principles of
glycobiology". FASEB J 7 (14): 1330–7. PMID 8224606.
12. Guyton, Arthur C.; John E. Hall (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology.
Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 855–6. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1.
13. Lengyel P, Söll D (1969). "Mechanism of protein biosynthesis". Bacteriol Rev 33 (2):
264–301. PMC 378322. PMID 4896351.
14. Rudolph F (1994). "The biochemistry and physiology of nucleotides". J Nutr 124 (1
Suppl): 124S–127S. PMID 8283301.
15. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105421. PMID 16669783.
16. Demirel Y, Sandler S (2002). "Thermodynamics and bioenergetics". Biophys Chem
97 (2–3): 87–111. doi:10.1016/S0301-4622(02)00069-8. PMID 12050002.
17. Salter M, Knowles R, Pogson C (1994). "Metabolic control". Essays Biochem 28: 1–
12. PMID 7925313.
18. Roach P (2002). "Glycogen and its metabolism". Curr Mol Med 2 (2): 101–20.
doi:10.2174/1566524024605761. PMID 11949930.
19. Romano A, Conway T (1996). "Evolution of carbohydrate metabolic pathways". Res
Microbiol 147 (6–7): 448–55. doi:10.1016/0923-2508(96)83998-2. PMID 9084754.
20. Thykaer J, Nielsen J (2003). "Metabolic engineering of beta-lactam production".
Metab Eng 5 (1): 56–69. doi:10.1016/S1096-7176(03)00003-X. PMID 12749845.
Page 13 of 22
21. Koffas M, Roberge C, Lee K, Stephanopoulos G (1999). "Metabolic engineering".
Annu Rev Biomed Eng 1: 535–57. doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.535.
PMID 11701499.
Wiki development on the course/other resources:
Metabolism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of
living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow ...
Cell Metabolism - Metabolic pathway - Enzyme - Fatty acid metabolism
What is Metabolism? - from News-Medical.Net
www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Metabolism.aspx
Jun 12, 2013 - By Dr Ananya Mandal, MD. Metabolism is a term that is used to
describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the ...
Cell Metabolism
www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/
One Year Ago ... Selected articles from a year ago. Using a systems genetics approach
in more than 100 mouse strains, Lusis and colleagues identify GWAS loci ...
Metabolism: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002257.htm
Metabolism refers to all the physical and chemical processes in the body that convert or
use energy, such as: Breathing; Circulating blood; Controlling body ...
Nutrition & Metabolism
www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/
Nutrition & Metabolism publishes content focused on the integration of nutrition,
exercise physiology, clinical investigations, and molecular and cellular ...
Metabolism | Vol 63, Iss 2, Pgs A1-A6, 161-306, (February, 2014 ...
www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00260495
The online version of Metabolism at ScienceDirect.com, the world's leading platform
for high quality peer-reviewed full-text journals.
Metabolism | Define Metabolism at Dictionary.com
dictionary.reference.com/browse/metabolism
Biology, Physiology. the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by
which its material substance is produced, maintained, and destroyed, ...
Metabolism - Merriam-Webster Online
www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metabolism
biology : the chemical processes by which a plant or an animal uses food, water, etc., to
grow and heal and to make energy ...
KEGG PATHWAY Database - GenomeNet
www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html
Metabolism Global/overview Carbohydrate Energy Lipid Nucleotide Amino acid Other
amino Glycan Cofactor/vitamin Terpenoid/PK Other secondary metabolite ...
Page 14 of 22
Molecular Metabolism
www.molecularmetabolism.com/
Official website of the Molecular Metabolism journal.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism - NRC Research Press
www.nrcresearchpress.com/journal/apnm
Published since 1983, this monthly journal focuses on the application of physiology,
nutrition, and metabolism to the study of human health, physical activity, and ...
Chem4Kids.com: Biochemistry: Metabolism
www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_metabolism.html
Chem4Kids.com! This tutorial introduces the basics of metabolism. Other sections
include matter, elements, the periodic table, reactions, and atoms.
metabolism (biology) -- Encyclopedia Britannica
www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/377325/metabolism
metabolism, the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a
living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for ...
Cancer & Metabolism
www.cancerandmetabolism.com/
"After several decades of profound advances in our understanding of the genetics and
molecular biology of cancer, it has become self-evident that metabolism ...
Biochem of Metabolism
www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/MB1index.html
Biochemistry of Metabolism. Instructional materials for a studio-format course. *
Information for Students * including needed software ...
metabolism - Wiktionary
en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metabolism
40+ items - metabolism. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Armenian
metabolism - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com
www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/metabolism
Your metabolism is the result of all the processes in your body working together to
create the energy that keeps you going.
Solution to Quiz:
Chose the correct answer
1. D 6. B 11. A 16.
2. C 7. D 12. C 17.
3. A 8. B 13. A 18.
4. C 9. D 14. C 19.
5. A 10. B 15. D 20.
D
B
C
D
A
21
22
23
24
25
D
B
A
C
B
26
27
28
29
D
C
C
A
Page 15 of 22
State whether True or False
1.
6.
T
T
2.
7.
T
T
3.
8.
T
F
4.
9.
T
T
5.
10
F
T
Fill in the Blanks
1. Anabolism
and
catabolism
2. I
6.
3. Entropy of
universe
increases
4. Entropy
8.
Adenine base,
ribose sugar and
phosphate
Activation
energy
Glycolysis
9.
Anerobic
5. Metabolism
10 Glucogenesis
7.
11 Phosphoanhydrous
bonds
16 Anabolism
12 ATP
17 9 and 3
13 Lactose
18 Glucagon
14 ATP, NADPH
19 Liver and
muscles
15 Heat and substrate
Answers are only indicative. Expand on the outline given:
1. What is metabolism?
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of
living organisms. These enzymes -catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and
reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word
metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms,
including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in
which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediate metabolism.
2. Discuss on the classification of metabolism
Metabolism is usually divided into two categories catabolism, that breaks down organic
matter and harvests energy by way of cellular respiration and anabolism that uses energy
to construct components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids.
Page 16 of 22
3. What are metabolic pathways?
The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which
one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a
sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms
to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by them, by coupling
them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow
the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic
pathways in response to changes in the cells environment or to signals from other cells.
A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and
components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic
acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all
known organisms. These similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early
appearance in evolutionary history and retained because of their efficacy.
4. Which are the molecules vital for life?
Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from three
basic classes of molecule: amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids. As these molecules are
vital for life, metabolic reactions either focus on making these molecules during the
construction of cells and tissues, or by breaking them down and using them as a source
of energy, by their digestion. These biochemicals can be joined together to make
polymers such as DNA and proteins, essential macromolecules of life.
Molecules
Amino acids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Enzymes and
coenzymes
Minerals and
cofactors
Monomers
Amino acids
Polymers
Proteins
(polypeptides)
Monosaccharides Polysaccharides
Nucleotides
Polynucleotides
-
-
Page 17 of 22
Examples
Fibrous & globular proteins
Starch, glycogen & cellulose
DNA and RNA
ATP, Vitamins, NAD+, NADP+,
etc.
carbon, nitrogen, calcium,
sodium, chlorine, potassium,
hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen
and sulphur
5. Explain the process of catabolism
Catabolism is the set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules. These
include breaking down and oxidizing food molecules. The purpose of the catabolic
reactions is to provide the energy and components needed by anabolic reactions. The
exact nature of these catabolic reactions differs from organism to organism and
organisms can be classified based on their sources of energy and carbon. All the
different forms of metabolism depend on redox reactions that involve the transfer of
electrons from reduced donor molecules such as organic molecules, water, ammonia,
hydrogen sulphide or ferrous ions to acceptor molecules such as oxygen, nitrate of
sulphate.
6. Explain the mechanism of catabolism?
The most common set of catabolic reactions in animals can be separated into three main
stages. In the first, large organic molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides or lipids are
digested into their smaller components outside cells. Next, these smaller molecules are
taken up by cells and converted to yet smaller molecules, usually acetyl coenzyme A
(acetyl-CoA), which releases some energy. Finally, the acetyl group on the CoA is
oxidised to water and carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain,
releasing the energy that is stored by reducing the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD+) into NADH.
A simplified outline of the catabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats
Page 18 of 22
7. How does the energy released from organic compounds?
Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units.
Carbohydrates are usually taken into cells once they have been digested into
monosaccharides. Once inside, the major route of breakdown is glycolysis, where sugars
such as glucose and fructose are converted into pyruvate and some ATP is generated.
Pyruvate is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways, but the majority is converted
to acetyl-CoA and fed into the citric acid cycle. Although some more ATP is generated
in the citric acid cycle, the most important product is NADH, which is made from NAD+
as the acetyl-CoA is oxidized. This oxidation releases CO 2 as a waste product. In
anaerobic conditions, glycolysis produces lactate, through the enzyme lactate
dehydrogenease re-oxidizing NADH to NAD+ for re-use in glycolysis. An alternative
route for glucose breakdown is the pentose phosphate pathway, which reduces the
coenzyme NADH and produces pentose sugars such as ribose, the sugar component of
nucleic acids. Fats are catabolised by hydrolysis to free fatty acids and glycerol. The
glycerol enters glycolysis and the fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation to
release acetyl-CoA, which then is fed into the citric acid cycle. Fatty acids release more
energy upon oxidation than carbohydrates because carbohydrates contain more oxygen
in their structures. Amino acids are either used to synthesize proteins and other
biomolecules, or oxidized to urea and carbon dioxide as a source of energy.
8. How does the energy transformation occur?
Oxidative phosphorylation: In oxidative phosphorylation, the electrons removed from
organic molecules in areas such as the protagon acid cycle are transferred to oxygen and
the energy released is used to make ATP. This is done in eukaryotes by a series of
proteins in the membranes of mitochondria called the electron transport chain. In
prokaryotes, these proteins are found in the cell's innermembrane. These proteins use the
energy released from passing electrons from redused molecules like NADH onto oxygen
to pump protons across a membrane. Pumping protons out of the mitochondria creates a
proton concentration difference across the membrane and generates an electrochemical
gradient. This force drives protons back into the mitochondrion through the base of an
enzyme called ATP synthase. The flow of protons makes the stalk subunit rotate,
causing the active site of the synthase domain to change shape and phosphorylateADP+–
turning it into ATP.
9. Explain the pathway that releases energy from inorganic compounds
Chemolithotrophy is a type of metabolism found in prokaryotes where energy is
obtained from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. These organisms can use
hydrogen, reduced sulphur compounds as sources of reducing power and they gain
energy from the oxidation of these compounds with electron acceptors such as oxygen or
nitrate. These microbial processes are important in global biochemical cycles such
asacetogenesis, nitrification and denitrification and are critical for soil fertility.
Page 19 of 22
10. How the energy does from light is captured?
The energy in sunlight is captured by plants, cyanobacteria, purple bacteria, gree sulphur
bacteria and some protists. This process is often coupled to the conversion of carbon
dioxide into organic compounds, as part of photosynthesis, which is discussed below.
The energy capture and carbon fixation systems can however operate separately in
prokaryotes, as purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria can use sunlight as a source of
energy, while switching between carbon fixation and the fermentation of organic
compounds. In many organisms the capture of solar energy is similar in principle to
oxidative phosphorylation, as it involves the storage of energy as a proton concentration
gradient. This proton motive force then drives ATP synthesis. The electrons needed to
drive this electron transport chain come from light-gathering proteins called
photosynthetic reaction center or rhodopsins. Reaction centers are classed into two
types depending on the type of photosynthetic pigment present, with most photosynthetic
bacteria only having one type, while plants and cyanobacteria have two.
In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, photosystem II uses light energy to remove electrons
from water, releasing oxygen as a waste product. The electrons then flow to the
cytochrome b6f complex, which uses their energy to pump protons across the thylakoid
membrane in the chloroplast. These protons move back through the membrane as they
drive the ATP synthase, as before. The electrons then flow through photosystem I and
can then either be used to reduce the coenzyme NADP+, for use in the Calvin cycle,
which is discussed below, or recycled for further ATP generation.
11. Explain the biochemical process of anabolism
Anabolism is the set of constructive metabolic processes where the energy released by
catabolism is used to synthesize complex molecules. In general, the complex molecules
that make up cellular structures are constructed step-by-step from small and simple
precursors. Anabolism involves three basic stages.
1. production of precursors such as amino acids, monosaccharides, isoprenoids and
nucleotides,
2. their activation into reactive forms using energy from ATP, and
3. the assembly of these precursors into complex molecules such as proteins,
polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids.
12. How does Carbon fixation occur in a cell?
Plant cells (bounded by purple walls) filled with chloroplasts (green), which are the site
of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the synthesis of carbohydrates from sunlight and
CO 2 . In plants, cyanobacteria and algae, oxygenic photosynthesis splits water, with
oxygen produced as a waste product. This process uses the ATP and NADPH produced
by the photosynthetic reaction centers, as described above, to convert CO 2 into glycerate
3-phosphate, which can then be converted into glucose. This carbon-fixation reaction is
carried out by the enzyme RuBisCO as part of the Calvin – Benson cycle. In
photosynthetic prokaryotes the mechanisms of carbon fixation are more diverse. Here,
carbon dioxide can be fixed by the Calvin – Benson cycle, a reversed citric acid cycle or
Page 20 of 22
the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA. Prokaryotic chemoautotrophs also fix CO 2 through the
Calvin – Benson cycle, but use energy from inorganic compounds to drive the reaction.
13. Explain the process involving generation of carbohydrates and glycans
In carbohydrate anabolism, simple organic acids can be converted into monosaccharides
such as glucose and then used to assemble polysaccharides such as starch. The
generation of glucose from compounds like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, glycerate 3phosphate and amino acids is called gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis converts
pyruvate to glucose-6phosphate through a series of intermediates, many of which are
shared with glycolysis. However, this pathway is not simply glycolysis run in reverse, as
several steps are catalyzed by non-glycolytic enzymes. This is important as it allows the
formation and breakdown of glucose to be regulated separately, and prevents both
pathways from running simultaneously in a futile cycle.
14. Discuss on synthesis of fatty acids, isoprenoids and steroids
Fatty acids are made by fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl-CoA
units. The acyl chains in the fatty acids are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the
acyl group, reduce it to an alcohol, dehydrate it to an alkene group and then reduce it
again to an alkane group. The enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis are divided into two
groups, in animals and fungi all these fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out by a
single multifunctional type I protein, while in plant plastids and bacteria separate type II
enzymes perform each step in the pathway.
15. Discuss briefly on protein biosynthesis
Organisms vary in their ability to synthesize the 20 common amino acids. Most bacteria
and plants can synthesize all twenty, but mammals can only synthesize eleven
nonessential amino acids, so nine essential amino acids must be obtained from food. All
amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the
pentose phosphate pathway. Nitrogen is provided by glutamate and glutamine. Amino
acid synthesis depends on the formation of the appropriate alpha-keto acid, which is then
transaminated to form an amino acid.
16. Explain the process of nucleotide synthesis and salvage
Nucleotides are made from amino acids, carbon dioxide and formic acid in pathways that
require large amounts of metabolic energy. Consequently, most organisms have efficient
systems to salvage preformed nucleotides. Purins are synthesized as nucleotides. Both
adenine and guanine are made from the precursor nucleoside inosine monophosphate,
which is synthesized using atoms from the amino acids glycine, glutamine and aspartic
acid, as well as formate transferred from the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate Pyrimidines, on
the other hand, are synthesized from the base orotate, which is formed from glutamine
and aspartate.
Page 21 of 22
17. Discuss briefly on thermodynamics of living organisms
Living organisms must obey the laws of thermodynamics, which describe the transfer of
heat and work. The second law of thermodynamics states that in any closed system, the
amount of entropy (disorder) will tend to increase. Although living organisms' amazing
complexity appears to contradict this law, life is possible as all organisms are open
systems that exchange matter and energy with their surroundings. Thus living systems
are not in equilibrium, but instead are dissipative systems that maintain their state of
high complexity by causing a larger increase in the entropy of their environments. The
metabolism of a cell achieves this by coupling the spontaneous processes of catabolism
to the non-spontaneous processes of anabolism. In thermodynamic terms, metabolism
maintains order by creating disorder.
18. Give brief account on regulation and control of metabolic pathways
As the environments of most organisms are constantly changing, the reactions of
metabolism must be finely regulated to maintain a constant set of conditions within cells,
a condition called homeostasis. Metabolic regulation also allows organisms to respond
to signals and interact actively with their environments. Two closely linked concepts are
important for understanding how metabolic pathways are controlled. Firstly, the
regulation of an enzyme in a pathway is how its activity is increased and decreased in
response to signals. Secondly, the control exerted by this enzyme is the effect that these
changes in its activity have on the overall rate of the pathway. For example, an enzyme
may show large changes in activity (i.e. it is highly regulated) but if these changes have
little effect on the flux of a metabolic pathway, then this enzyme is not involved in the
control of the pathway.
19. Give brief account on the effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism.
1. Insulin binds to its receptor
2. which in turn starts many protein activation cascades
3. These include: translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane and
influx of glucose
4. glycogen synthesis
5. glycolysis
6. fatty acid synthesis.
Page 22 of 22