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Transcript
Cell Biology Concept 1: Common Features of All Cells All cells, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have some common features. The common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are: 1. DNA, the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes and located in a nonmembrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes 2. Plasma membrane, a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from the surrounding environment and functions as a selective barrier for the import and export of materials 3. Cytoplasm, the rest of the material of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleoid region or nucleus, that consists of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles and other particulates suspended in it 4. Ribosomes, the organelles on which protein synthesis takes place Concept 2: Features of Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotes, which include all bacteria and archaea (archaebacteria), are the simplest cellular organisms. Prokaryotic cells are fundamentally different in their internal organization from eukaryotic cells. Notably, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membranous organelles. Concept 2 Practice: Identify the Features of Prokaryotic Cells Label the components of a prokaryotic cell and explain the function of each. Enter name of the structure and give its function. 1. Name: ______________________ Function: 2. Name: ______________________ Function: 3. Name: ______________________ Function: 4. Name: ______________________ Function: 5. Name: ______________________ Function: 6. Name:______________________ Function & Location: 7. Name: ______________________ Function & Location: Review: Concept 2 Review: Features of the Prokaryotic Cell Prokaryotic cells have the following features: 1. The genetic material (DNA) is localized to a region called the nucleoid which has no surrounding membrane. 2. The cell contains large numbers of ribosomes that are used for protein synthesis. 3. At the periphery of the cell is the plasma membrane. In some prokaryotes the plasma membrane folds in to form structures called mesosomes, the function of which is not clearly understood. 4. Outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes is a fairly rigid wall which gives the organism its shape. The walls of bacteria consist of peptidoglycans. Sometimes there is also an outer capsule. Note that the cell wall of prokaryotes differs chemically from the eukaryotic cell wall of plant cells and of protists. 5. Some bacteria have flagella which are used for locomotion and/or pili, which may be used to pull two cells in close contact, and perhaps to facilitate the transfer of genetic material. Concept 3: Features of Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and numerous membrane-enclosed organelles (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus) not found in prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells are fundamentally different in their internal organization from eukaryotic cells. Notably, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membranous organelles. The nucleus is bounded by the nuclear envelope, a double membrane with many nuclear pores through which material enters and leaves. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are all eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells and are found in a great many different forms. Concept 4: The Endomembrane System in Eukaryotic Cells All eukaryotic cells have within them a functionally interrelated membrane system, the endomembrane system consisting of the nuclear envelope, ER and Golgi apparatus, vesicles and other organelles derived from them, and the plasma membrane. Many materials are moved around the cell by the endomembrane system, including some proteins. A typical animal cell: There are many different types of cells. One major difference in cells occurs between plant cells and animal cells. While both plant and animal cells contain the structures discussed above, plant cells have some additional specialized structures. Many animals have skeletons to give their body structure and support. Plants do not have a skeleton for support and yet plants don't just flop over in a big spongy mess. This is because of a unique cellular structure called the cell wall. The cell wall is a rigid structure outside of the cell membrane composed mainly of the polysaccharide cellulose. As pictured at left, the cell wall gives the plant cell a defined shape which helps support individual parts of plants. In addition to the cell wall, plant cells contain an organelle called the chloroplast. The chloroplast allow plants to harvest energy from sunlight. Specialized pigments in the chloroplast (including the common green pigment chlorophyll) absorb sunlight and use this energy to complete the chemical reaction: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 In this way, plant cells manufacture glucose and other carbohydrates that they can store for later use. Organisms contain many different types of cells that perform many different functions. The following link is a great site to learn more about cells and cell structure. This would be an ideal site to use during our unit of study on the cell and especially as you work on your cell model project. Try it out and let me know what you think. http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html This next site links you directly to the textbook which we use in class. What you find here is an "interactive" site that will reinforce or help clarify all that we cover in class. You will also find practice tests to help you learn the information and better prepare you to be successful in this course. I encourage all of you to use this site frequently. There are links to other sites that will help you understand the concepts and to see ideas / facts presented in different ways. This will help reinforce the learning process. Good luck! http://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_explorer/CellsHeredity/Student_Area/SE_C_SC1_A CT_index.html Be sure to visit the next site, Cells Alive. Start by clicking on Cell Biology. There is also an excellent "Plant and Animal Cell Models" section that can be helpful with your Cell Model project. Be sure to take the "quiz" when you've completed viewing the site contents. http://www.cellsalive.com/ The next site lets you explore the structure of a virtual plant cell. You can zoom in on organelles, cut or turn them, look at real EM (electron micrograph) images and more. Check it out! http://www.life.uiuc.edu/plantbio/cell/ The following site links you to the Access Excellence Graphics Gallery and a diagram of "The Cell." Look up a description of "Cell" in the NHGRI Talking Glossary's link. http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/cell.html The organization of animal and plant cells Red color indicates the difference between them. The eukaryotic cell contains organelles, which are defined as membrane-bound structures such as nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles. For animal cells, the cell surface consists of the plasma membrane only, but plant cells have an additional layer called cell wall, which is made up of cellulose and other polymers Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) The JavaScript SEM for Students ----These pages use JavaScript to create the illusion of controlling a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). You must be using Netscape 3.0 or higher and JavaScript must be enabled. Click on the following link to begin using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): http://search.netscape.com/ns/boomframe.jsp?query=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.de nniskunkel.com&page=1&offset=0&result_url=redir%3Fsrc%3Dwebsearch%26req uestId%3Df6332de31fe63201%26clickedItemRank%3D3%26userQuery%3Dhttp %253A%252F%252Fwww.denniskunkel.com%26clickedItemURN%3Dhttp%253A% 252F%252Feducation.denniskunkel.com%252F%26invocationType%3D%26fromPage%3DNSCPResults%26amp%3BampTest%3D1&remove_url=http%3A %2F%2Feducation.denniskunkel.com%2F