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Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration • Used to extract energy from organic molecules Two categories of cellular respiration • Aerobic Cellular Respiration • Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Two categories of cellular respiration • Aerobic–requires O2 Large organisms use aerobic; may use other pathways for short periods Two categories of cellular respiration • Anaerobic–respiration without oxygen Used by less active organisms, and shortterm by others e.g. Lactic Acid Fermentation Aerobic Respiration • Glycolysis – first step if glucose is used for energy – Occurs in cytoplasm – Releases 2 ATP – Glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid Glycolysis in Aerobic Respiration • Uses 2 ATP, produces 2 molecules of the more reactive, higher energy PGAL 2 ATP Glucose PGAL 6C 2 ADP 2 3C Glycolysis in Aerobic Respiration • PGAL is now converted to Pyruvate, releasing energy and electrons 2 NAD(ox) 2 NADH(re) 2 PGAL 3C 4 ADP 2 Pyruvate 3C 4 ATP Glycolysis in Aerobic Respiration • Net Results 1 Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 ADP 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP Transition Reaction follows Glycolysis • Occurs in the mitochondria • A preparatory reaction for the Krebs Cycle 2 NAD(ox) 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH(re) 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle • Occurs in matrix of mitochondria • Releases most of the carbon dioxide • Makes 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP • Initial reaction involves OAA; regenerates OAA Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle Electron Transport Chain • Occurs on cristae in mitochondria • Uses NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP 3 ATP / NADH 2 ATP / FADH2 • Uses oxygen in final step Chemiosmosis during Electron Transport System • Operation of the system pumps H ions across cristae into intermembrane space • H ion gradient is used as a source of power • Enzyme ATP synthase synthesizes ATP using the H ion gradient Chemiosmosis Chemiosmosis Summary of Aerobic Respiration GLYCOLYSIS Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH TRANSITION REACTION 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH KREBS CYCLE 2 Acetyl CoA 4 CO2 + 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM NADH 3 ATP FADH2 2 ATP Summary of Aerobic Respiration GLYCOLYSIS Glucose 2 ATP + 2 NADH TRANSITION REACTION 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate KREBS CYCLE 2 Acetyl CoA 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 x3 x2 4 ATP 30 ATP 4 ATP Total 36 – 38 ATP / Glucose Anaerobic Respiration • Lactic Acid Fermentation • Alcoholic Fermentation • Acetic Acid Fermentation Anaerobic Respiration • Lactic Acid Fermentation Glycolysis then Pyruvate converted to Lactic Acid instead of Acetyl CoA Glycolysis in Lactic Acid Fermentation • Exactly the same as in Aerobic Respiration 2 NAD(ox) Glucose 2 ATP 2 NADH(re) 2 Pyruvate 2 PGAL 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Conversion of Pyruvate to Lactic Acid 2 NADH(re) 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD(ox) 2 Lactic Acid Net gain of only 2 ATP (from Glycolysis) – No additional ATP is produced. Why does the cell bother to produce Lactic Acid? Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 ADP Glucose 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD(ox) 2 Lactic Acid 2 NADH(re) 2 NADH(re) 2 NAD(ox) NAD(ox) is required in glycolysis Lactic Acid Fermentation • Why switch to Lactic Acid Fermentation? • Why can’t you continue with Lactic Acid Fermentation for an extended period of time? • Why cool down slowly after vigorous exercise? Anaerobic Respiration • Alcoholic Acid Fermentation Glycolysis is the first step then Pyruvate is converted to Ethyl Alcohol instead of Acetyl CoA Glycolysis in Alcoholic Fermentation • Exactly the same as in Aerobic Respiration 2 NAD(ox) Glucose 2 ATP 2 NADH(re) 2 Pyruvate 2 PGAL 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Conversion of Pyruvate to Ethyl Alcohol 2 NADH(re) 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD(ox) 2 Ethyl Alcohol + 2 CO2 Net gain of only 2 ATP (from Glycolysis) – No additional ATP is produced. Why does the cell bother to produce Alcohol? Alcoholic Fermentation 2 ADP Glucose 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate Ethyl 2 Alcohol + 2 CO2 2 NAD(ox) 2 NADH(re) 2 NADH(re) 2 NAD(ox)