Download Le climat et les ressources naturelles. Quels enjeux pour 2010

Le climat et les ressources naturelles.
Quels enjeux pour 2010 ?
Des émissions de gaz à effet de serre à
réduire
Brigitte Gloire - Oxfam – Bxl - 15 juin 2010
Table of content
 Climate injustice
 Domestic cuts as part of the Oxfam « climate Change”
campaign
 Flexible mecanisms in the KP
 Problems in the supplementarity
 Problems in the additionality
 Problems in fulfilling the goal in sustainable
development
 The winners
 Excluding criteria for CDMs
 Act now
D’où proviennent les principales
émissions de GES ?
1: Sealing the deal
3: Holding on to humanity
2: de-carbonising and making the
model of growth / dvpt more
sustainable
La campagne d’oxfam se décline en 3 objectifs
A FAIR, SAFE AND BINDING DEAL ASAP
Campaign
objectives
Massive
international
resource transfers
for developing
countries
additional to ODA
+ sustainable
/accountable
adaptation
practices and
policies, civil
society
participation, etc…
Rich countries
lead on
equitable
mitigation action
- domestic
action and
financing for
mitigation
Global public
mobilization
to ensure
political will
through
public
pressure and
expose
special
interest
• Un modèle de dvpt (dans le Nord et le
Sud) plus durable garantissant une
diminution d’au moins 40 % (2020) et 80
à 95 % (2050) de gaz à effet de serre
(GES) dans les pays de l’annexe 1 par
rapport à 1990. Ces réductions doivent être
majoritairement opérées chez nous (au
moins pour 75 %) et pour le solde éventuel,
basées sur des mécanismes flexibles
(offsets) qui répondent au double objectif de
DD dans les PVDs et d’efficacité (
additionalité des réductions).
The Kyoto Protocol establishes three market-based
"flexible mechanisms" to help Northern countries avoid or
delay reducing their greenhouse gas emissions.
•
Emissions Trading. Northern countries failing to meet their emission
targets can buy reductions from other Northern countries who lower
emissions beyond their targets.
•
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Northern countries can
finance projects in the South aiming to mitigate climate change in
return for credits which are banked and ultimately used to license
continued pollution at home.
•
Joint Implementation. Northern countries can finance projects aiming
to mitigate climate change in other Northern (often Eastern European)
countries, receiving credits accordingly.
•
Corporations can use the carbon credits from these mechanisms to
increase their emissions (those that restructure or go out of business
will leave governments responsible for the associated carbon debt)
CAP & TRADE
Carbon offsets
rationale
• Carbon trade has been prefered to other
regulatory instruments to counter CC
because of ideological stance against
regulation / interdiction and because of the
assumption that it’s the most cost-effective
way of achieving emissions reductions.
Problems at different level
•
•
•
•
•
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Ethical / Coherence / exemplarity
Lack of developed countries credibility
Rebund effect (in the tourism industry for example..)
Displacement / delocalization of responsabilities
Distraction / divertion from politicians to really support
domestic GHG reductions
Privatisation of the common (atmosphere)
People displacement / landgrabbing
Fraud (on VAT – resell – corruption)
Effectiveness in GHG (additionality) and sustainable
development in the south
Problems in the supplementarity
Despite clear references in COP & KP decision :
•
“….That the use of the mechanisms shall be supplemental to
domestic action and domestic action shall thus constitute a
significant element of the effort made by each Party included in
Annex I to meet its quantified emission limitation and reduction
commitments under Article 3, paragraph 1…”.decison 5 – COP 6
july 2001
•
“…Decides that, for the second commitment period, additions to
and subtractions from the assigned amount of a Party resulting
from emissions trading and the project-based mechanisms shall
not exceed 30 per cent of the quantified emission limitation and
reduction commitment of that Party.”
FCCC/KP/AWG/2010/6/Add.3 29 April 2010
Problems with additionality
• Additionality : It refers to the issue of
whether GHG reduction or sequestration
in a JI or CDM project occurs over and
above the baseline and constitutes a new
reduction that would not have otherwise
occurred in absence of the project. But
from “a small fraction” (Haya B. berkeley)
to only 60 % (öko-Institut Berlin) of CDM
are additional.
Problems in fulfilling the goal in
sustainable development
• From a large literature review, the conclusion is that the CDM has
little or no effect on achieving sustainable developement in
developing countries
• Too few projects are being implemented in LDCs
• Too few small scale projects in rural area or at the household level
•
Many projects / CERs represent marginal improvements (coal fired
power plants with co-generation) or very cheap mitigation equipment
(HFC / NxO….)
But windfalls profits for fossil fuelintensive corporations
• The ETS has turned the ‘polluter pays’
principle into a ‘polluter earns’
principle: The very industry sectors
chiefly responsible for the climate crisis
are being handed property rights to the
atmosphere in the form of emissions
permits that are worth billions of euros.
Sandbag report ETS 2008 carbon fat cats
Excluding criteria for CDMs
• Nuclear
• Large hydropower
• Waste incineration
• Carbon Capture and Storage
• Coal
• Unsustainable or chemical-treated biofuels
• Unsustainable or chemical-treated biomass/biochar
• Ocean fertilization and other forms of geoengineering
• HFC production
• Any project requiring resettlement or which deprives
indigenous people of their customary use of land
And above all
• No inclusion of LULUCF project types
beyond the existing afforestation /
reforestation category and non inclusion of
REDD in the CDM
• No double accounting : No offsets budgets
in climate financing
No double-counting offsets as
climate finance
A1 fair share of
global mitigation effort
40% below
1990 by 2020
Domestic Offreductions sets
$100bn /
year by
2020 for
mitigation
NA1 actions
contingent on support
Limit growth in
emissions
(equal to A1
reductions)
Plus
offsets
Reductions take place
<2ºC pathway requires: BOTH 40% below 1990 by 2020 in Annex I countries; AND a
limit to the growth in emissions equal to Annex I reductions in Non-Annex I countries.
Any offsetting must be in addition to the these reductions in Non-Annex I countries.
Domestic positive action
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Change in our model of growth - Support for ambitious domestic emissions reductions in
industrialized countries + sustainable production & consumption patterns
Subsidy shifting away from fossil fuels
Tax shift where appropriate on carbon intensive activities – carbon tax
Prohibition of highly GHG emitting activities / products / technology (HFC – big cars - coal
plant…)
Tax according the polluter payer principle
Cap in the aviation / maritim sector
Auctionning of AAUs
Support for existing positive initiatives and legislation such as feed-in-tariff schemes and
shift in electricity metering so tariffs increase rather than decrease with increasing usage
Public investment in structural change and sustainable renewable
Creative ways of engaging citizens in a debate on how to embark on a just transition away
from fossil fuel addicted economies and towards zero-carbon economies: how to ensure
just transition for all those whose jobs are tied to sunset fossil fuel industries
Promotion of public discussion in plain language and go by ideological stance - a priori –
around carbon trading
Discussion of innovation rather than marginal numerical emission cuts
Recognition that there are no popular politics and facing the fact that fossil fuel industries
have to be sunset industries if we are to avoid climate chaos
Act now
• Priority to domestic cuts + regulatory
mechanism + interdiction of unstainable /
high carbon practices / products
• Higher level of golden standarts and
review of CDMs / ETS mechanism
• No mix with climate finance for developing
countries
Main sources of informations
•
•
•
•
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www.unfccc.org
www.oxfam.org
www.climnet.org
www.fern.org
www.sinkswatch.org
www.sandbag.org.uk