* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Micro Lab Unit 1 Flashcards
Restriction enzyme wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (H+-translocating) wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Catalytic triad wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Enzyme inhibitor wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Lab 7 Enzymes Flashcards 1) What energy is vital to living organisms in order to sustain the man processes involved in life? 2) What is cellular respiration? 3) What is critical in the process of cellular respiration? 4) What is an enzyme? 5) Where do enzymes occur? 6) Before any chemical reaction can occur, what type of energy must molecules obtain? 7) How does energy of activation occur? 8) Is it essential for a chemical reaction involved in cellular respiration to occur at a rapid or slow rate? 9) When lowering the energy activation, do enzymes increase or decrease reaction rates? 10) What molecules do enzymes work on? 11) What is the specificity of enzymes? 12) What is enzyme specificity dependent on? 13) When do enzymatic reactions begin? 14) What is a substrate? 15) What is a reactant? 16) Where does the binding of the substrate take place in an enzymatic reaction? 17) What is formed by the substrate and enzyme that is held together by temporary bonding? 18) What is the result of an enzymatic reaction? 19) What happens to the enzyme after it reacts with the substrate? 20) What is the name of the optimum set of conditions that produce the most efficient enzymatic activity? 21) What might enzymes require in order to function properly 22) What are cofactors and coenzymes? 23) What 4 factors can affect enzyme activity? 24) What can affect the binding of substrates? Cellular Respiration A catabolic process that releases energy, most often as ATP. Enzymes They are biological catalysts that accelerate the multitude of anabolic and catabolic chemical reactions. Living organisms. Energy of Activation When one molecule collides with another or from an external source of energy such as heat. A rapid rate Increase Substrates Whenever a group of substrates are susceptible to catalysis by a particular enzyme It is dependent on the three dimensional shape of the enzyme When reactants collide and the substrate fits into the active site of an enzyme The molecules that enzymes work on The enzyme The active site The enzyme-substrate complex The Product Nothing; it remains unchanged. Fastest reaction rate Cofactors and coenzymes Inorganic or organic enzyme helpers that allow the enzyme to function properly. 1.temperature 2.pH 3.concentration of substrates 4.concentration of enzymes Enzyme inhibitors Lab 7 Enzymes Flashcards 25) When the three dimensional shape of the enzyme is disrupted, the protein is said to be 26) What sugar is used by green plants? 27) Is sucrose a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide? 28) What enzyme is involved in the breaking down of sucrose? 29) What does sucrose break down into? Sucrase + Sucrose Sucrase + Glucose + Fructose Denatured 30) Which of the above is the enzyme? 31) Which is the substrate? 32) Which are the products? 33) What do our cells utilize to obtain energy? 34) Where does the initial use of glucose occur in the cell? 35) When glucose is broken down, what are the products? Enzyme = sucrase Substrate = sucrose Products = Glucose and Fructose Glucose The Cytoplasm 36) What is the term for breaking glucose down into ATP? 37) Is glycolysis anaerobic (requires no oxygen) or aerobic (requires oxygen)? 38) The fate of two pyruvic acids is dependent on the presence of what? 39) If oxygen is not present, during glycolysis the two pyruvic acids will remain in cytosol and undergo the anaerobic process called what? 40) If oxygen is present, during glycolysis where will the two pyruvic acids be shuttled? 41) What happens to the pyruvic acid when it gets to the mitochondria? 42) Are the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport aerobic or anaerobic processes? 43) How many ATP molecules are generated directly per Krebs cycle? 44) What process is indirectly responsible for the greatest ATP production by generating coenzymes (NADH and FADH2)? 45) Where are the coenzymes NADH and FADH2 reoxidized? 46) What does the Electron Transport Chain do? 47) What is succinic acid dehydrogenase (SDH)? Sucrose Disaccharide Sucrase Glucose and Fructose (which are monosachharides) 2 molecules of pyruvic acid 2 molecules of ATP (energy molecule) 2 molecules of NADH Glycolysis Anaerobic Oxygen Fermentation To the Mitochondria The mitochondria changes the pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA, which enters into the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). Aerobic One. Krebs Cycle The Electron Transport Chain Results in many molecules of ATP (36 molecules of ATP per glucose molecules) An enzyme which oxidizes the substrate succinic acid. It is a vital step in the Krebs cycle. Lab 7 Enzymes Flashcards 48) What does oxidation mean? 49) When succinic acid loses two H+ atoms, what is succinic acid changed into? 50) When a substance is oxidized (loses H+ atoms), where do the H+ atoms go? 51) What reducing agent accepts the H+ from succinic acid? 52) What is Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)? 53) In our cells, which molecules carry hydrogen atoms? 54) Where do the H+ atoms from FADH2 go? 55) What is formed when oxygen accepts the H+ atoms? 56) Can enzymes be inhibited in many ways? 57) What are three ways that substances can act as an enzyme inhibitor? 58) An enzyme molecule is very large compared to its ______ and may contain several active sites. 59) What is a “false” substrate? 60) When inhibitors bind to the active site what happens? 61) When oxidized methylene blue accepts hydrogen and is thus reduced what happens to the color? 62) What tissue has many mitochondria? 63) Substrate succinic acid, as well as other citric acid cycle intermediates is present where in a cell? 64) What does Benedict’s solution test for? 65) Test tubes 1-4 contain sugars. Why did test tubes 3 & 4 remain blue? 66) Why was test tube #6 included in this portion of the experiment? 67) Which test tube was the control test tube? 68) What reactant was missing from the control? 69) Why is it important to include controls? 70) Explain why the enzymatic reaction occurs more slowly at temperatures below the optimum 71) What happens to the enzyme at temperatures higher than the optimum 72) If the tube indicated at 100* C was placed back in the optimum temperature, would a reaction occur? Briefly explain 73) What is the substrate in this experiment setup? Removal of H+ atoms. Fumaric acid. The substance that accepts the H+ atoms is called a reducing agent. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). A coenzyme which works along with SDH and acts as a reducing agent. FAD molecules. FAD (its oxidized form) then becomes FADH2 (its reduced form) They enter the Electron transport chain, where oxygen takes the H+ atoms Water Yes 1. Irreversibly binding to the enzyme’s active site 2. Altering the structure of the enzyme 3. Compete for the active site Substrate An inhibitor The substrate cannot undergo the desires reaction at the rate ordinarily observed. It becomes colorless Muscle The mitochondria Lab 7 Enzymes Flashcards 74) What enzyme is working on the substrate? 75) No enzymes were added to the test tubes, but a reaction occurred. Where are the enzymes located? 76) What is the role of methylene blue experiment? 77) Although the process that is occurring is called “oxidation”, no oxygen is used. Explain 78) Rank which test tube changed colors from the fastest to slowest. Explain the ranking. 79) Did a color change occur on Tube# 4? Since no succinic acid was added, should there have been a color change? Is there a difference in what you observed and what you expected? If so, explain. 80) Would shaking or stirring the tube affect the color in the tube? If a change occurred, what was the cause?