* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 21.8 Recombinant DNA
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
DNA sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Maurice Wilkins wikipedia , lookup
Agarose gel electrophoresis wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Real-time polymerase chain reaction wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Transformation (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
21.8 Recombinant DNA DNA can be used in • genetic engineering that permits scientists to cut and recombine DNA fragments to form recombinant DNA. • the identification of a person by examining bands on film that represent DNA fingerprints. Learning Goal Describe the preparation and uses of recombinant DNA. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Recombinant DNA In preparing recombinant DNA, • a DNA fragment from one organism is combined with DNA from another. • restriction enzymes are used to cleave a gene from a foreign DNA and open DNA plasmids in Escherichia coli. • DNA fragments are mixed with the plasmids in E. coli and the ends are joined by ligase. • the new gene in the altered DNA produces protein. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA is formed by placing a gene from another organism in a plasmid DNA of a bacterium. This causes the bacterium to produce a nonbacterial protein. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Products of Recombinant DNA General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Polymerase Chain Reaction A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) • made it possible to produce multiple copies of a DNA in a short time. • separates the sample DNA strands by heating. • mixes the separated strands with enzymes and nucleotides to form complementary strands. • is repeated many times to produce a large sample of the DNA. Each cycle of the polymerase chain reaction doubles the number of copies of the DNA section. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Genetic Testing Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) • allows screening for defective genes. • can be used to screen for genes associated with breast cancer. Multiple defects in two known breast cancer genes, called BRCA1 and BRCA2, correlate to a higher risk of breast cancer. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. DNA Fingerprinting In DNA fingerprinting, • restriction enzymes cut a DNA sample into smaller fragments (RFLPs). • the sample is placed on a gel and separated using electrophoresis. • the banding pattern on the gel is called a DNA fingerprint and is unique to each individual. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Human Genome The Human Genome Project • was completed in 2003 and showed that our DNA is composed of 3 billion bases and 21 000 genes coding for protein, which represents only 3% of the total DNA. • has since identified stretches of DNA that code for other RNA molecules. Much of our DNA • regulates genes and serves as recognition sites for proteins. • has been assigned a function leading to understanding errors in DNA replication, transcription, or regulation. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.