Download 106 DNA- Proteins

Genetics DNA / RNA
Proteins
Dr. Ron Rusay
Spring 2004
© Copyright 2004 R.J. Rusay
Genetics DNA / RNA
Proteins
© Copyright 2004 R.J. Rusay
Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
• Nucleic acids carry genetic information.
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) have molecular weights
around 6 - 16  106 amu and are found inside the nucleus
of the cell.
• RNA (ribonucleic acids) have molecular weights around
20,000 to 40,000 amu and are found in the cytoplasm
outside the nucleus of the cell.
• Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides.
• There are three important parts to a nucleic acid:
– phosphoric acid unit, (H3PO4)
– five carbon sugar (e.g. ribose or deoxyribose)
– nitrogen containing organic bases (e.g. adenine, A)
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
• DNA and RNA have different sugars (dexoyribose vs.
ribose).
• There are only five bases found in DNA and RNA:
– adenine (A),
– guanine (G),
– cytosine (C),
– thymine (T found in DNA only), and
– uracil (U found in RNA only).
• Nucleic acids are formed by condensing two nucleotides
(the phosphoric acid condenses with the O-H group of
the sugar).
Nucleic Acids
• DNA consists of two deoxyribonucleic
acid strands wound together in a double
helix.
• The phosphate chains are wrapped around
the outside of the DNA molecule.
• Complementary base pairs are formed
from bases which optimize H-bonding: T
and A or C and G.
• The complementary base pairs are held
together by hydrogen bonding.
• During cell division, the DNA double
helix unwinds.
Genetics & DNA
XX
XY
Traits &
Variation:
•Histogram
•Venn
Diagram
Larger Molecules
http://info.bio.cmu.edu/courses/03231/ProtStruc/ProtStruc.htm
B-DNA: Size, Shape & Self Assembly
46 Å
12 base sequence
(1953-2003)
http://molvis.sdsc.edu/pdb/dna_b_form.pdb
DNA: Size, Shape & Self Assembly
http://www.umass.edu/microbio/chime/beta/pe_alpha/atlas/atlas.htm
Views & Algorithms
10.85 Å
10.85 Å
Quic kTime™ and a Animation dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture.
Several formats are commonly used
but all rely on plotting atoms in 3
dimensional space; .pdb is one of the
most popular.
~30,000 define
a human
DNA Replication
QuickTime™ and a
Sorenson Video decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
~3,000,000,000 define
a human
> 99.5% is the same
in all humans
The Molecular Backbone:
phosphoric acid + a sugar:
deoxyribose
A
DNA section:
ATGC
T
G
C
Nucleic Acids
• DNA: deoxyribonucleic acids
– encyclopedia of genetic information.
– directs protein synthesis.
– Molar mass ~ 1-16 x 10 6 Daltons (amu)
• RNA: ribonucleic acids
–
–
–
–
assist in protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA
transfer RNA
Molecular weights = 20,000 to 40,000
Protein Biosynthesis
QuickTime™ and a
Sorenson Video decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
U replaces T
Which base is present in the respective nucleotides?
Ribose
What is different in the riboses?
How much
genetic
variation is
there in
hemoglobin
(beta globins)?
Handouts
Add ques.:
On the back of
the page, name
the first seven
codons (amino
acids) that are
coded in the 2
globins, A and
B.
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
APPLICATIONS: Transgenic (GM:
Genetically Modified) Crops
APPLICATIONS: Transgenic (GM:
Genetically Modified) Crops
CLONING
Hello
Dolly!
Genetic Fingerprinting
•Forensics
•Paternity
•ID-military
•Food
•Wine
•Anthropology
•Diagnosis
OJ and the bloody glove!
PCR: Polymerase
Chain Reaction
Kerry Mullis, CetusChiron-Roche, Emeryville,
Nobel Prize
PCR: Polymerase
Chain Reaction
Lindsey Twins, (diagnosis)
sickle cell trait vs. disease
(handout)