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Transcript
Centrioles Nucleus Characteristics Mitochondrion Cell Membrane What Animals Do to Survive – – – – Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion – Response – Movement – Reproduction – – – – – – Eukaryotic No cell wall Heterotrophic Multicellular Aerobic 95% are invertebrates!! Trends in Animal Evolution – Cell specialization & levels of organization – Early development – Body symmetry – Cephalization – Body cavity formation DOMAIN KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS Cell type Cell Structure Body Type Nutrition Example Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryotic Cell wall, Unicellular peptidoglycan Autotrophic & heterotrophic Tetanus E. coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryotic Cell wall, no Unicellular peptidoglycan Autotrophic & heterotrophic Methanogens Eukarya Protista Eukaryotic Mixed Unicellular & Autotrophic & multicellular heterotrophic Amoebas Euglenas Kelps Eukarya Fungi Eukaryotic Cell wall, chitin Unicellular & Heterotrophic multicellular Yeasts Mushrooms Eukarya Plantae Eukaryotic Cell wall, cellulose Multicellular Autotrophic Ferns Pine trees Moss Eukarya Animalia Eukaryotic No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic Birds Earthworms Squid Tissue Development Process: 1. Fertilization of egg with sperm to form zygote 2. Cell divides to form many cells in a solid mass 3. Cells rearrange to form a hollow ball called a blastula 4. Blastula folds in on itself to form different layers of tissue (gastrulation) Tissue (Germ) Layers: Endoderm Inner layer Gives rise to digestive tract Mesoderm Intermediate (middle) layer Gives rise to muscles & bones Ectoderm Outer layer Gives rise to skin & nerves Body Cavity Formation Tissue Development Process: 1. Fertilization of egg with sperm to form zygote 2. Cell divides to form many cells in a solid mass 3. Cells rearrange to form a hollow ball called a blastula 4. Blastula folds in on itself to form different layers of tissue (gastrulation) Tissue (Germ) Layers: Endoderm Inner layer Gives rise to digestive tract Mesoderm Intermediate (middle) layer Gives rise to muscles & bones Ectoderm Outer layer Gives rise to skin & nerves • Fluid-filled space between digestive tract and body wall • Allow for specialized regions to develop • Protects internal organs and provides room for them to grow and expand Symmetry Ability to divide an object in half with an “imaginary plane,” so that the two halves are mirror images of each other Types of Symmetry: Assymetry: no mirror images are possible Bilateral Symmetry: there is only one way to divide the organism to achieve mirror images Radial Symmetry: Multiple planes can divide the organism through the center of the body to produce mirror image halves Cephalization Concentration of nervous & sensory tissues in the head region of an animal’s body Multicellular No true tissues No germ layer True tissues Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry 2 germ layers 3 germ layers Acoelomates No body cavity Tube-withina-tube Pseudocoelomates Coelomates Deuterostome Protostome Segmentation Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Segmentation Echinodermata Chordata PHYLUM (# species) Porifera (~5,000) Cnidaria (~9,000) Platyhelminthes (~25,000) Nematoda (~12,000) Annelida (~17,000) Mollusca (~50,000) Echinodermata (~6,500) Arthropoda (over 1,000,000) Chordata (~50,000) EXAMPLES SYMMETRY CEPHALIZATION GENERAL INFORMATION Sponges Asymmetrical Absent Filter feeders; no tissues or organs Jellyfish, corals, anemonies Radial symmetry Absent Stinging cells called nematocysts Tapeworms, flukes, flatworms Bilateral symmetry Present Distinct head area; single opening to gastrovascular cavity (pharynx) Hookworms, pinworms Bilateral symmetry Present Distinct mouth & anus; many have specialized mouth-parts for feeding Earthworms, leeches, Bilateral segmented worms symmetry Present Closed circulatory system; true digestive tract Snails, clams, Octopus, squid Bilateral symmetry Present Soft body, often with hard internal or external shell Sea stars, sea urchins Radial adults Absent Hydrostatic endoskeleton with calcium carbonate plates in skin Insects, spiders, crustaceans Bilateral symmetry Present Chitinous exoskeleton; segmented bodies; jointed appendages Fish, amph., birds, reptiles, mammals Bilateral symmetry Present Well-developed brain with spinal cord; bony endoskeleton Bilateral larvae
