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Zoology
An Introduction
Zoology
• Study of animals
• In this class- Important KingdomsProtista- some, unicellular, animal-like
organisms(protozoans)
considered to be evol. precursors
to animals
ANIMALIA- are ANIMALS
• Latin “zoa” or “zo”- means animal
Kingdom Protista
• Single celled
• Eukaryotic
• Ingest or produce
food
• Some animallike
What is an Animal?
•
•
•
•
•
Are members of Kingdom Animalia
Are multicellular
Are Eukaryotic
Are Heterotrophs
Lack cell walls
• Usually have a method of
movement
• Most reproduce sexually
• Require oxygen
What is an Animal?
• Multicellular: Having more than one cell
• Eukaryotic: Organisms whose cell
contain a nucleus
• Heterotroph: Organisms that obtains
energy from the foods it consumes; also
called a consumer.
2 Types of Animals
• Invertebrates: Animals that do not
have a backbone or a vertebral column
•
Vertebrates:
Animals that has a
vertebral column, or backbone
What Animals Do to Survive
Animals carry out the following essential functions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Feed
Respire
Circulation
Excrete
Respond
Move
Reproduce
Essential Functions
2. Respiration: Whether they live in water or
on land, all animals respire, which means they
take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
– Some can rely on diffusion of these
substances through their skin
– Most have evolved complex tissues and
organ systems for respiration
Essential Functions
3. Circulation: transport of nutrients
and wastes
•
Many aquatic animals (ex: aquatic worms) rely
solely on diffusion to transport oxygen & waste.
•
Larger animals have some kind of circulatory
system to move materials around within their
bodies.
Essential Functions
4. Excretion: releasing wastes
– A buildup of ammonia & other nitrogenous
wastes would kill an animal
– Animals have excretory system that either
eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it
into a less toxic substance(uric acid) that is
removed from the body.
Essential Functions
5. Response: Animals respond to events
in their environment using specialized
cells called nerve cells.
– Some nerve cells are receptors that
respond to sound, light, and other stimuli
– The arrangement of nerve cells in the body
changes dramatically from phylum to
phylum
– Simple animals- nerve cells, nerve net
– Complex- nervous systems
Essential Functions
6. Movement:
• Some animals live their entire lives
attached to a single spot (sessile)
• Most are motile meaning that they move
Essential
Functions
7. Reproduction: Most reproduce
sexually by producing gametes.
– Maintains genetic diversity in populations
– Helps species evolve when the
environment changes
– Many reproduce asexually & allows to
increase numbers rapidly (inverts.)
Body Plans of Animals
Symmetry: balance in body proportions
3 Types
AsymmetricalIrregular shape
Bilateral: can be divided
only one way to produce
mirror image halves
Radial symmetry: can be divided
along any plane to produce 2
halves which look alike
Symmetry
Asymmetrical: Has no definite shape.
Symmetry
Radial Symmetry: Body is arranged in
a circle like the spokes of a wheel.
Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry: If divided lengthwise
in half, both sides will match.
Bilateral Symmetry
• Includes worms, insects & vertebrates
• Have external body parts that repeat on
either side of the body
What type of symmetry?
Body arrangements:
a. anterior: head region(front on upright man)
b. posterior: tail region (back on upright man)
c. dorsal: back or top
d. ventral: abdomen(belly) or bottom
Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Medial
- close to the middle
• Lateral
– Close to the side or
movement away from
middle
• Distal
– Away from the main part
• Proximal
– Close to the main part
Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Oral
– End with the mouth
• Aboral
– Opposite end of the mouth
• Cephalic
– Toward head
• Caudal
– Toward tail
Cephalization-concentration of sense organsdeveloped nervous system- “formation of head"


How does this happen????
Embryonic Development
STEP 1
  

STEP 2

Zygote cleaves to become blastula and
then forms gastrula. The blastopore of the
gastrula can become either the mouth or
the anus of the organism
33
Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
• Protostome- “first mouth” Blastopore becomes the
mouth. Ex-Annelids, Mollusks and arthropods
• Deuterostome- “second mouth” Blastopore
becomes anus.
Ex-echinoderms, hemichordates,chordates
Embryonic Development
• As embryo develops, three germ
layers form:
a. Ectoderm
b. Mesoderm
• becomes nervous system, epidermis of the skin, pituitary,
lens of eye (outside layer)
• becomes muscles, skeleton, notochord, circulatory
system, kidney, reproductive system (middle
layer)
• becomes lining of digestive tract, liver, pancreas, epithelial
c.
Endoderm
lining of lungs, many endocrine glands (inside
layerdigestive tract)
Body Cavities
a. Acoelomatesno body cavity
lined with
mesoderm
• EX: flatworms
b. Pseudocoelomatespartial body cavity
lined with mesoderm
• “Tube within a tube”
body plan
• EX: roundworms,
rotifers
c. Coelomatestrue body
cavity lined
with
mesoderm
• EX: all other
animals
Advantages of a body
cavity (coelom or
pseudocoelom):
• Fluid in cavity helps distribute food, wastes,
hormones, etc. from one end of animal to the
other
• Better distribution allows animal to grow larger
• A place to put things, like new organs
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM OVERVIEW
• Invertebrates-no backbone
• Vertebrates or Chordates-backbone
Invertebrate Cladogram
Section 29-1
Echinoderms Chordates
Arthropods
Annelids
Mollusks
Radial
Symmetry
Roundworms
Flatworms
Pseudocoelom
Cnidarians
Radial
Symmetry
Protostome Development
Three Germ Layers;
Bilateral Symmetry
Sponges
Tissues
Multicellularity
Single-celled
ancestor
Deuterostome
Development
Coelom
Checkpoint
1. What are the main characteristics all
animals share?
2. Evidence suggests that animals evolved
from ___________.
3. What are the three animal body types?
4. What are the three germ layers?
5. What is the difference between a
protostome and a deuterostome?
The End