Download 1 BIOCHEMISTRY All organic compounds must contain and Are the

BIOCHEMISTRY
All organic compounds must contain _______________ and _______________
Are the following organic? Why or why not?
H2O
CO2
CH4
There are 4 major types of organic compounds each with unique characteristics:
A. CARBOHYDRATES
Contain ___________, ___________, and ___________. Ratio of H:O is always ___________
Basic unit (Know how to draw this diagram!)
C6H12O6
1) Monosaccharides also called ___________________
Fxn =
Examples ___________________ , ___________________ , ___________________
2) Disaccharides also called ___________________
Fxn =
Formula is 2(C6H12O6) – H2O which = ___________________
What process joins the above molecules together? __________________________________
Examples:
Made of:
___________________ ,
___________________ ,
+ ___________________ ,
___________________ ,
___________________ ,
+ ___________________ ,
1
___________________
___________________
+ ___________________
3) Polysaccharides – many monosaccharides joined together by ___________________
Examples
Starch –
Chitin –
Glycogen –
Cellulose –
Peptidoglycan –
B. PROTEINS contain ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, (___________)
1) Structure
Composed of 20 different ________________ each joined by this process __________________
and connected by ___________ bonds.
Draw the Dipeptide above
Some Proteins and their fxns
Protein
Fxn
2
Level/Structure
Primary (1°)
Description
Image
Secondary (2°)
Tertiary (3°)
Special type of proteins called ________________ are organic/biological catalysts that help
to speed up chemical rxns in organisms.
Mechanism of enzyme activity – lock and key theory & induced fit model
Reaction shown is dehydration
synthesis (removing water to build up).
The reverse reaction is called
___________________________________
(adding water to break apart)
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Exergonic/Exothermic
Endergonic/Endothermic
4 main factors that influence reaction rate and why?
1) ____________________________________________________________________________________
2) ____________________________________________________________________________________
3) ____________________________________________________________________________________
4) ____________________________________________________________________________________
C. LIPIDS contain _______________, _______________ & _______________
include _______________, _______________ & _______________
1) Structure
Saturated
vs
4
Unsaturated
2) Some lipids and their functions
Phospholipids –
Steroids –
D. NUCLEIC ACIDS contain ___________, ___________, ___________, ____________ & ___________
2 examples _______________ & _______________
Polymers of ______________________________
1) Structure
1) 5-Carbon Sugar (______________)
DNA = ______________________________
RNA = ______________________________
2) Phosphate Group (notice the charge!!!)
3) Nitrogenous Base
DNA bases = ____________________________________
RNA bases = ____________________________________
MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA & RNA
DNA
RNA
Location*
Strands
Sugar
Bases
* DNA is also found in 2 other organelles ______________________ & ______________________
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Step 1 – Glycolysis – Splitting of glucose (occurs in cytoplasm) WITSO?
Glucose
C6H12O6
+
2 ATP
(Investment)
2 Pyruvate +
2 NAD+
4 ATP
(Yield)
2 NADH + 2 H+
Reactants _____________________________
Products _______________________________
Hydrogen (1 p+ & 2e–) is removed and transferred to NAD+ = Oxidation (NAD+ reduced)
OIL =
RIG =
Activation energy requirement of 2 ATP leaving a net gain of ______ ATP
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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (Cytoplasm)
Two possible paths:
1. Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid (Lactic Acid fermentation)
2 Pyruvate
2 Lactate
2 NADH +H+
2 NAD+
NAD = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
2. Pyruvate is reduced to ethanol aka ethyl alcohol + CO2 (Alcohol fermentation)
2 Pyruvate
2 Ethanol + 2 CO2
2 NADH +H+
2 NAD+
NO ADDITIONAL ENERGY (ATP) IS GAINED. ONLY PURPOSE IS TO OXIDIZE
NADH TO REGENERATE NAD+ SO GLYCOLYSIS CAN CONTINUE
AEROBIC RESPIRATION (Mitochondria)
Overall equation
Pyruvic acid (products of Step 1 Glycolysis) enter the mitochondria to be further oxidized.
Step 2 – Kreb's Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle aka Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle):
Breakdown of pyruvates (x2) producing CO2 and using the hydrogen to reduce
FAD  FADH2, NAD+  NADH & to generate ATP.
Intermediates include citric acid (name of cycle), oxaloacetate (photosynthesis)
Amount produced per TURN
_____ CO2 (waste)
_____ ATP (energy)
_____ NADH (goes to Step 3 ETC)
_____ FADH2 (goes to Step 3 ETC)
Amount produced per GLUCOSE
_____ CO2 (waste)
_____ ATP (energy)
_____ NADH (goes to Step 3 ETC)
_____ FADH2 (goes to Step 3 ETC)
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Step 3 – Electron Transport Chain/System (ETC/ETS)
****GREATEST SOURCE OF ATP ****
32 ATP generated by chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
Kreb's Cycle
ETC
Total
= 2 net ATP (4 Total)
= 2 ATP
= 32 ATP
= 36 ATP
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Definition: Process of converting light energy to chemical bond energy.
Overall Rxn
6 CO2 +
12 H20
Net Rxn
6 CO2 +
6 H20
Sunlight
Sunlight
C6H12O6
+
6 H20
C6H12O6
+
6O2
+
6O2
Pathway of C, H, & O has been traced using radioactive C14 & O18
Reactants
Products
1) Photolysis (aka Light Rxns aka Light Dependent Rxns). Photolysis = ________________________

Photons are absorbed by green pigment _________________ Location? ___________________

Energy from photons (Reactant) used to split H20 (Reactant)  ½ 02 + 2H+ + 2e–

ETC Connects PS II & PS I (Chemiosmosis produces __________)

O2 produced is waste & given off through pores/openings on underside of leaf __________.
H+ & e– picked up by NADP+  NADPH
NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
NADP+ + H+ & 2e–  NADPH
Colors of light that are most effective _________________ & _________________
Color of light that is least effective _________________
WHY????
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2) Calvin Cycle (aka Dark Rxns aka Light Independent Rxns aka Carbon Fixation)

Takes place in Space around thylakoids called _____________________

Products from Step 1 __________ & ___________ become Reactants for Step 2 + CO2

H+ & 2e– from NADPH in step 1 combines with CO2 to make a 3-Carbon sugar called
PGAL. PGAL (3C) + PGAL (3C)  Glucose (6C)
Photosynthesis Review
Factors that affect rate of photosynthesis
1. Concentration of reactants…
2. __________________ because it's an enzyme-controlled rxn
3. Type of light 4. Intensity of light
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CHEMOSYNTHESIS
Definition Process of converting chemical (inorganic) energy to chemical (organic) energy.
Typically found in hot places where there is little/no light. For example ______________________
WITSO hot places?
Equation
CO2 +
2H2S

[CH20]
+ H20 + 2S
RARE PLANTS
1. Parasitic Plants (form of symbiosis +/–)
Absorb nutrients from decaying matter (saphrophytes).
Ex: Dodder, mistletoe & Indian Pip
2. Carnivorous Plants
Tend to live in N poor soil so they need to supplement nutrient (N) intake. DO NOT rely
on eating insects for energy!!!
Ex: Venus fly trap, pitcher plant & sundew
3. C4 Plants
4. CAM Plants
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1) Which of the following polysaccharides stores carbohydrates in animals?
a) Cellulose
b) Glycogen
c) Starch
d) Fructose
e) Glucose
2) What are the primary (1°) lipids found in cell membranes?
a) Glycerol
b) Cholesterol
c) Fatty acids
d) Phospholipids
e) Oils
3) Which of the following statements in incorrect?
a) Enzymes are made from proteins
b) One enzyme can facilitate the reaction of many different substrates
c) Enzymes are not required for spontaneous reactions
d) Not all catalysts are enzymes
e) The active site of an enzyme will denature at high temperatures
4) What are the components of nucleotides?
a) Glycerols, fatty acids and phosphates
b) Sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous bases
c) Amino acids, hydrogens and carboxyl groups
d) Protons, neutrons and electrons
e) Sugars, glycerols and phosphates
5) Which of the following processes does not occur in the mitochondria?
a) Glycolysis
b) Kreb's cycle
c) Citric acid cycle
d) Electron transport chain
e) NAD+ is reduced to NADH
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6) What is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue?
a) Ethanol
b) Oxygen
c) Glucose
d) Lactic acid
e) Butanoic acid
7) Plants store glucose in long starch chains. What byproduct results when molecules of glucose are
linked together in growing polysaccharides?
a) Water
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Oxygen
d) Peptide bonds
e) ATP
8) Transcription involves which two types of nucleic acids?
a) DNA & tRNA
b) DNA & mRNA
c) mRNA & tRNA
d) mRNA & rRNA
e) rRNA & tRNA
9) Which wavelengths of light best support photosynthesis?
a) Red and orange
b) Yellow and green
c) Green and blue
d) Orange and yellow
e) Red and blue
10) All humans lack the enzyme necessary to digest which of the following carbohydrates?
a) Cellulose
b) Sucrose
c) Glucose
d) Glycogen
e) Lactose
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11) All of the following statements are true
14) How many single bonds can carbon form
EXCEPT
with other atoms at the same time?
a) Hydrogen ions have different chemical
a) 1
properties from elemental hydrogen
b) 2
b) Carbons isotopes have different
c) 3
chemical properties from elemental
d) 4
carbon
e) 5
c) Carbon 14 has six protons and eight
neutrons
15) What chemical reaction takes place when
d) Hydrogen ions are missing an electron
two monomers, or monosaccharides, form a
e) Ions have equal numbers of protons and
dimer?
neutrons
a) Disassociation
b) Dehydration synthesis
12) How many atoms are there in C6H12O6?
c) Hydrolysis
a) 3
d) Ionization
b) 6
e) Isomerization
c) 12
d) 24
16) Which of the following represents a correct
e) 144
pairing of nitrogenous bases?
a) glycerol and uracil
13) Electrons are shared equally in which of the
b) Guanine and uracil
following chemical bonds?
c) Nucleic acids and bases
a) Nonpolar covalent bond
d) Cytosine and adenine
b) Polar covalent bond
e) Adenine and thymine
c) Ionic bond
d) Dipole-dipole bond
e) Hydrogen bond
1) b
2) d
3) b
4) b
5) a
6) d
7) a
8) b
9) e
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10) a
11) e
12) d
13)a
14) d
15) b
16) e