Download Chp. 8

Unit 3: Metabolism & Energy
Chapters 8 – 10
Chp. 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
Chp 8 Objectives:
1. Define and explain the relationship among metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism.
2. Differentiate potential energy, kinetic energy, and free energy.
3. Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
4. Identify (draw) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and describe its function in living systems.
5. Diagram and explain the cycle between ATP and ADP.
Unit 3: Metabolism & Energy
Chapters 8 – 10
6. Differentiate the terms catalyst and enzyme.
7. Explain the purpose of activation energy (EA) in a chemical reaction.
8. Describe the affect of enzymes have on the:
a) activation energy required for a reaction.
b) rate of a chemical reaction.
9. Explain the process of enzyme catalysis (enzymatic reactions).
10. Identify the environmental factors that can affect the rate of enzyme catalysis.
Unit 3: Metabolism & Energy
Chapters 8 – 10
11. Compare and contrast:
a) cofactors and coenzymes.
b) competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.
c) allosteric activators and allosteric inhibitors
12. Explain how feedback inhibition works and its role in metabolic pathways.
Chp. 8 VOCABULARY TERMS
activation energy (EA)
active site
allosteric regulation
anabolic pathway
ATP
catabolic pathway
catalyst
chemical energy
coenzyme
cofactor
competitive inhibitor
endergonic reaction
energy
entropy
enzyme
exergonic reaction
feedback inhibition
free energy
induced fit
kinetic energy
metabolic pathway
metabolism
noncompetitive inhibitor
phosphorylated
potential energy
substrate
Unit 3: Metabolism & Energy
Chapters 8 – 10
Chp 9: Cellular Respiration
Chp. 9 Objectives:
1) Differentiate between oxidation and reduction reactions and identify the molecules that are
oxidized and reduced in cellular respiration.
2) Identify the function for each type (class) of enzyme used to catalyze cellular respiration
reactions. List an example for each type.
a) Kinases
b) Isomerases
c) Dehydrogenases
d) Mutases
3) Indicate the location in the cell where each of the following stages of cellular respiration take
place:
a) Glycolysis
b) Citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle)
c) Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
4) Define glycolysis. Identify the reaction from which “glycolysis” gets its name.
Unit 3: Metabolism & Energy
Chapters 8 – 10
5) Summarize process of glycolysis and indicate the net inputs and outputs of glycolysis.
6) Describe the reaction that occurs in the step between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
Identify the conditions necessary for pyruvate to enter the mitochondrion.
7) Summarize the process for one turn of the citric acid cycle and indicate the net inputs and
outputs per turn and also per molecule of glucose.
8) Describe oxidative phosphorylation including:
a) the pathway of electrons in the electron transport chain
b) explain the process of the production of ATP by chemiosmosis by ATP synthase.
Unit 3: Metabolism & Energy
Chapters 8 – 10
9) Compare and contrast substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
Identify which stages of cellular respiration (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron
transport chain) utilize each type of phosphorylation.
10) Identify the net number of ATP, CO2, NADH, and FADH2 produced in each stage of cellular
respiration in the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule. Explain why the maximum
net amount of ATP produced per glucose can vary.
Unit 3: Metabolism & Energy
Chapters 8 – 10
11) Define and differentiate between:
a) aerobic and anaerobic respiration
b) alcohol and lactic acid fermentation
12) Explain the process used by cells under anaerobic conditions to
a) make ATP
b) regenerate NAD+
13) Identify the entry points (which stages) in cellular respiration of other food molecules such as
proteins and fats.
14) List several of the feedback mechanisms used to control cellular respiration.
Chp. 9 VOCABULARY TERMS
acetyl CoA
aerobic
alcohol fermentation
anaerobic
ATP synthase
cellular respiration
chemiosmosis
citric acid cycle
cytochrome
electron transport chain
facultative anaerobe
fermentation
glycolysis
lactic acid fermentation
NAD+
oxidation
oxidative phosphorylation
proton-motive force
redox reaction
reduction
substrate-level
phosphorylation
Unit 3: Metabolism & Energy
Chapters 8 – 10
Chp 10: Photosynthesis
Chp. 10 Objectives:
1. Differentiate between heterotrophs and autotrophs.
2. Write the overall reaction for photosynthesis.
3. Explain the role (function) of each part of the plant in photosynthesis:
a. Stomata
b. Mesophyll cells
c. Veins
d. Roots
e. Leaves
f. Chloroplasts
g. Chlorophyll
4. Describe the structure of a chloroplast and identify the location of both the light reactions and
Calvin cycle in the chloroplast.
Unit 3: Metabolism & Energy
Chapters 8 – 10
5. Differentiate between an action spectrum and an absorption spectrum and list the
wavelengths of light (colors) that are most effective for photosynthesis.
6. Describe how the light reactions convert light energy to chemical energy and identify the
difference between cyclic and noncyclic flow of electrons.
7. Compare and contrast photophosphorylation (ATP production in the thylakoid of
chloroplasts) to oxidative phosphorylation (ATP production in the mitochondria).
8. Explain the basic steps of the Calvin Cycle:
9. Identify the requirements to make one G3P (glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate) molecule.
Unit 3: Metabolism & Energy
Chapters 8 – 10
10. Define photorespiration, explain the conditions that trigger photorespiration in the C3 plant,
and list the disadvantages of this process.
11. Compare and contrast C4 and CAM plants and their adaptations for carbon fixation.
Chp. 10 VOCABULARY TERMS
absorption spectrum
action spectrum
autotroph
bundle-sheath cell
C3 plant
C4 plant
Calvin cycle
CAM plant
carbon fixation
carotenoid
chlorophyll
crassulacean acid metabolism
(CAM)
cyclic electron flow
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
heterotroph
light reactions
mesophyll
NADP+
noncyclic electron flow
PEP carboxylase
photon
photophosphorylation
photorespiration
photosynthesis
photosystem (PS I & PS II)
primary electron acceptor
reaction center
rubisco
stoma
stroma
thylakoid