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Objectives × Contrast the generalized equations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration × Understand what occurs in light-dependent and lightindependent reactions of photosynthesis and know the products of each reaction × Explain what occurs in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain during cellular respiration Draw the equation for photosynthesis Draw the equation for cellular respiration How are they similar? How are they different? Metabolism: × All biochemical reactions that take place in a living organism × Plants carry out both cellular respiration and photosynthesis × Animals (like us) carry out only cellular respiration × Anabolism—build up from small to large (store energy) × Catabolism—break down from large to small (release energy) Needs for Photosynthesis × Water × × × × × Light × × × Less than 1% of water absorbed is used for photosynthesis Most is transpired (plant sweat) Used as a source of electrons, oxygen released is from the water If a plant does not have enough water, it may limit photosynthetic activity Visible light is used in photosynthesis Violet-blue and red-orange mostly used. What is left out? Carbon Dioxide × × Very little in the atmosphere Oceans are a great reservoir for CO2 and in the recent years, the numbers have been increasing (greenhouse gas) Light Reactions × Aka: Light Dependent × Take place in the thylakoid (where the chlorophyll are) × First steps to converting light energy into chemical energy × ATP and NADPH 1. Water molecules are split, produce electrons and hydrogen atoms, oxygen is released Electrons go through the electron transport chain (ETC) ATP is produced (cell’s energy currency) Hydrogen is carried on NADPH molecules to the next phase 2. 3. 4. Dark Reactions × Aka: Light Independent, Calvin Cycle × Do not require direct light to take place × But light is required for the overall process × Take place in the stroma × Glucose is produced Cellular Respiration × The release of energy from glucose molecules × Starts in the cytoplasm and finishes up in the mitochondria × No oxygen is needed to initiate the process (anaerobic) × Oxygen is needed to finish (aerobic) × Carbon dioxide is released 1. Glycolysis × Glyco = glycogen (a sugar) × Lysis = to split × Splits glycogen in half × No oxygen needed × 2 ATP molecules are needed to start the reaction × Very quick × Occurs in the cytoplasm 2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) × Oxygen is needed × Uses the pyruvic acid made in glycolysis and releases energy × Occurs in the mitochondria × Carbon dioxide is produced × Makes ATP to be used in the next step 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) × Energy is harvested from molecules at a very rapid pace × Binds electrons to oxygen molecules × Makes TONS of ATP × ATP is made when an ADP molecules binds with another P to make ATP Fermentation × Both do not require oxygen × Produces either lactic acid (animals) or ethanol (plants) Why do plants go through cellular respiration? × Think what cellular respiration is… × To tap into stored energy (created during photosynthesis)
